Green Chemistry for Environmental Remediation

The book explains the importance of chemistry in solvingenvironmental issues by highlighting the role green chemistry playsin making the environment clean and green by covering a wide arrayof topics ranging from sustainable development, microwave chemicalreaction, renewable feedstocks, microbial bioremediation, and othertopics that, when implemented, will advance environmentalimprovement.

Green Chemistry for Environmental Remediation providesinsight on how educators from around the world have incorporatedgreen chemistry into their classrooms and how the principles ofgreen chemistry can be integrated into the curriculum.

The volume presents high–quality research papers as well asin–depth review articles from eminent professors, scientists,chemists, and engineers both from educational institutions and fromindustry. It introduces a new emerging green face ofmultidimensional environmental chemistry. Each chapter bringsforward the latest literature and research being done in therelated area.

The 23 chapters are divided into 4 sections:

Green chemistry and societal sustainability including teachingand education of green chemistry

Green lab technologies and alternative solutions to conventionallaboratory techniques

Green bio–energy sources as green technology frontiers

Green applications and solutions for remediation

Green Chemistry for Environmental Remediation is animportant resource for academic researchers, students, faculty,industrial chemists, chemical engineers, environmentalists, andanyone interested in environmental policy safeguarding theenvironment. Relevant industries include those in clean technology,renewable energy, biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and chemicals.Another goal of the book is to promote and generate awareness aboutthe relationship of green chemistry with the environment amongstthe younger generation who might wish to pursue a career in greenchemistry.

List of Contributors xvii

Foreword xix

Part 1. Green Chemistry and Societal Sustainability 1

1. Environment and the Role of Green Chemistry 3

2. The Greening of the Chemical Industry: Past, Present andChallenges Ahead 35

3. Designing Sustainable Chemical Synthesis: The Influence ofChemistry on Process Design 79

4. Green Chemical Processing in the Teaching Laboratory:Microwave Extraction of Natural Products 107

5. Ensuring Sustainability through Microscale Chemistry 119

6. Capability Development and Technology Transfer Essential forEconomic Transformation 137

Part 2. Green Lab Technologies 153

7. Ultrasound Cavitation as a Green Processing Technique in theDesign and Manufacture of Pharmaceutical Nanoemulsions in DrugDelivery System 155

8. Microwave–Enhanced Methods for Biodiesel Production and OtherEnvironmental Applications 209

9. Emergence of Base Catalysts for Synthesis of Biodiesel251

10. Hydrothermal Technologies for the Production of Fuels andChemicals from Biomass 291

11. Ionic Liquids in Green Chemistry Prediction of Ionic LiquidsToxicity Using Cell Models 343

12. Nano–catalyst: A Second Generation Tool for Green Chemistry357

13. Green Polymer Synthesis: An Overview on Use ofMicrowave–Irradiation 379

Part 3. Green Bio–energy Sources 425

14. Bioenergy as a Green Technology Frontier 427

15. Biofuels as Suitable Replacement for Fossil Fuels 451

16. Biocatalysts–Greener Solutions 479

17. Lignocellulosics as a Renewable Feedstock for ChemicalIndustry. Chemical Hydrolysis and Pretreatment Processes 505

18. Lignocellulosics as a Renewable Feedstock for ChemicalIndustry Chemicals from Lignin 561

19. Genome Enabled Technologies in Green Chemistry 611

Part 4. Green Solutions for Remediation 627

20. Green Biotechnology for Municipal and Industrial Wastewater629

21. Phytoremediation of Cadmium: A Green Approach 659

22. A Closer Look at Green Glass: Remediation withOrganosilica Sol–Gels Through the Application of Green Chemistry697

23. Modification and Applications of Guar Gum in the Field ofGreen Chemistry 727 

Rashmi Sanghi received her PhD from the University ofAllahabad, India, in 1994. She is currently a consultant at theIndian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. Her major researchinterests are environmental green chemistry specializing inmicrobial and nanoparticle research. She has over 80 internationaljournal publications, two patents, and two books on green chemistryto her credit.

Vandana Singh received her PhD from the University ofAllahabad, India, in 1986. She is currently an associate professorin the Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad. Herresearch interests are in polysaccharides, polymers, and polymercomposites. She has over 70 international journal publications aswell as several book chapters to her credit.