Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment

Examines effects of the environmental distribution ofantimicrobial resistance genes on human health and theecosystem

Resistance genes are everywhere in nature in pathogens,commensals, and environmental microorganisms. This contributed workshows how the environment plays a pivotal role in the developmentof antimicrobial resistance traits in bacteria and the distributionof resistant microbial species, resistant genetic material, andantibiotic compounds. Readers will discover the impact of thedistribution in the environment of antimicrobial resistance genesand antibiotics on both the ecosystem and human and animalhealth.

Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment is divided into fourparts:

Part I, Sources, including ecological and clinical consequencesof antibiotic resistance by environmental microbes

Part II, Fate, including strategies to assess and minimize thebiological risk of antibiotic resistance in the environment

Part III, Antimicrobial Substances and Resistance, includingantibiotics in the aquatic environment

Part IV, Effects and Risks, including the effect ofantimicrobials used for non–human purposes on human health

Recognizing the intricate links among overlapping complexsystems, this book examines antimicrobial resistance using acomprehensive ecosystem approach. Moreover, the book′smultidisciplinary framework applies principles of microbiology,environmental toxicology, and chemistry to assess the human andecological risks associated with exposure to antibiotics orantibiotic resistance genes that are environmentalcontaminants.

Each chapter has been written by one or more leading researchersin such fields as microbiology, environmental science, ecology, andtoxicology. Comprehensive reference lists at the end of allchapters serve as a gateway to the primary research in thefield.

Presenting and analyzing the latest findings in a field ofgrowing importance to human and environmental health, this textoffers readers new insights into the role of the environment inantimicrobial resistance development, the dissemination ofantimicrobial resistant genetic elements, and the transport ofantibiotic resistance genes and antibiotics.

CONTRIBUTORS xv

PART I SOURCES 1

Chapter 1 Introduction 3
Stuart B. Levy

Chapter 2 Path to Resistance 7
Vivian Miao, Dorothy Davies, and Julian Davies

Chapter 3 Antibiotic Resistome: A Framework Linking the Clinicand the Environment 15
Gerard D. Wright

Chapter 4 Ecological and Clinical Consequences of AntibioticSubsistence by Environmental Microbes 29
Gautam Dantas and Morten O. A. Sommer

Chapter 5 Importance of Adaptive and Stepwise Changes in theRise and Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance 43
Lucia Fernandez, Elena B. M. Breidenstein, and Robert E. W.Hancock

Chapter 6 Environmental Reservoirs of Resistance Genes inAntibiotic–Producing Bacteria and Their Possible Impact on theEvolution of Antibiotic Resistance 73
Paris Laskaris, William H. Gaze and Elizabeth M. H.Wellington

Chapter 7 Mechanisms of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance andLessons Learned from Environmental Tetracycline–Resistant Bacteria93
Marilyn C. Roberts

Chapter 8 Environmental Antibiotic Resistome: New Insights fromCulture–Independent Approaches 123
Isabel S. Henriques, Artur Alves, Maria Jose´ Saavedra,Mark H. M. M. Montforts, and Anto´nio Correia

PART II FATE 149

Chapter 9 Environmental Pollution by Antibiotic Resistance Genes151
Jose Luis Martinez and Jorge Olivares

Chapter 10 Quantifying Anthropogenic Impacts on EnvironmentalReservoirs of Antibiotic Resistance 173
Amy Pruden and Mazdak Arabi

Chapter 11 Antibiotic Resistance in Swine–Manure–ImpactedEnvironments 203
Joanne Chee–Sanford, Scott Maxwell, Kristy Tsau, Kelly Merrick,and Rustam Aminov

Chapter 12 Antimicrobial–Resistant Indicator Bacteria in Manureand the Tracking of Indicator Resistance Genes 225
Christina S. Ho¨lzel and Karin Schwaiger

Chapter 13 Municipal Wastewater as a Reservoir of AntibioticResistance 241
Timothy Lapara and Tucker Burch

Chapter 14 Strategies to Assess and Minimize the Biological Riskof Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment 251
Thomas Schwartz

Chapter 15 Antibiotic Resistance in Animals The AustralianPerspective 265
Olasumbo Ndi and Mary Barton

PART III ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES AND RESISTANCE 291

Chapter 16 Detection and Occurrence of Antibiotics and TheirMetabolites in Pig Manure in Bavaria (Germany) 293
Katrin Harms and Johann Bauer

Chapter 17 Fate and Transport of Antibiotics in Soil Systems309
Alistair B. A. Boxall

Chapter 18 Antibiotics in the Aquatic Environment 325
Klaus Ku¨mmerer

Chapter 19 Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Wild Fish 337
Thomas Heberer

Chapter 20 Role of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds onAntimicrobial Resistance in the Environment 349
Ulas Tezel and Spyros G. Pavlostathis

PART IV EFFECTS AND RISKS 389

Chapter 21 Human Health Importance of use of Antimicrobials inAnimals and Its Selection of Antimicrobial Resistance 391
Scott A. McEwen

Chapter 22 Antimicrobial Resistance Associated with SalmonidFarming 423
Claudio D. Miranda

Chapter 23 Effect of Veterinary Medicines Introduced via Manureinto Soil on the Abundance and Diversity of Antibiotic ResistanceGenes on Their Transferability 453
Holger Heuer, Christoph Kopmann, Ute Zimmerling, EllenKro¨gerrecklenfort, Kristina Kleineidamm, Michael Schloter,Eva M. Top and Kornelia Smalla

Chapter 24 Tracking Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Genesthrough the Composting Process and Field Distribution of PoultryWaste: Lessons Learned 465
Patricia L. Keen and Nancy De With

Chapter 25 Environmental Microbial Communities Living Under VeryHigh Antibiotic Selection Pressure 483
Anders Janzon, Erik Kristiansson, and D. G. JoakimLarsson

Chapter 26 Antibiotic Use During an Influenza Pandemic:Downstream Ecological Effects and Antibiotic Resistance 503
Andrew C. Singer and Heike Schmitt

Chapter 27 Use of Veterinary Antibacterial Agents in Europe andthe United States 539
Ingeborg M. van Geijlswijk, Nico Bondt, Linda F. Puister–Jansen,and Dik J. Mevius

Chapter 28 Regulatory Research on Antimicrobial Resistance inthe Environment 549
Emily A. McVey and Mark H. M. M. Montforts

INDEX 569

This is an excellent publication, including primary dataand detailed explanations of specific studies and techniques aswell as review chapters. As both an introduction to a research areaand a call for greater study and thought into how we regulateantimicrobial use in all spheres of society to limit furtherresistance, I highly recommend Antimicrobial resistance in theenvironment.   (Phenotype, 1 February2013) 

This book will be an ideal read for anyone seeking acomprehensive introduction to the many reservoirs and routes aresistance gene may pass through before or after its appearance ina clinical setting. Even experts in the field stand to gainknowledge regarding the complex web that is the issue of antibioticresistance in the environment.   (The QuarterlyReview of Biology, 1 December 2012)