Kinetics in Nanoscale Materials

Sets the stage for the development of new nanomaterials with predefined properties Written by two leading experts in the field, this text enables readers to gain a fundamental understanding of the kinetic processes of nanoscale materials. The text discusses both nanoscale and bulk materials, pointing out both the similarities and the differences in their kinetic properties. It also highlights models of newly discovered kinetic systems and processes of nanoscale materials, leading the way to the rational design and controlled synthesis of nanomaterials with predefined properties. Kinetics in Nanoscale Materials is organized to help readers fully grasp the applications of kinetic processes in nanoscale materials for the advancement of nanotechnology and the development of new nano devices. It begins with an introduction to kinetics in nanoscale materials, followed by a chapter dedicated to linear and non–linear diffusion. Next, the book covers: Kirkendall effect and inverse Kirkendall effect in the hollow nanoshells Ripening among nano precipitates Spinodal decomposition Nucleation events in bulk materials, thin films, and nano–wires Contact reactions on silicon Grain growth at the micro– and nanoscale The final two chapters explore self–sustained explosive reactions in nanoscale multi–layered thin films and the formation and transformation of nanotwins in copper. Chapters end with a set of references leading to original research studies and reviews of individual topics. There are also problems at the end of each chapter, encouraging readers to assess their grasp of key concepts as they progress through the text. By exploring the latest discoveries, Kinetics in Nanoscale Materials enables scientists, researchers, and graduate students in materials science, materials physics, and nanotechnology to advance their own investigations and develop new nanomaterials for a broad range of applications.

Chapter 1 Introduction to kinetics in nanoscale materials 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Nanosphere: Surface energy equivalent to the Gibbs–Thomson potential 1.3 Nanosphere: Lower melting point 1.4 Nanosphere: Effect on homogeneous nucleation and phase diagram 1.5 Nanosphere: The Kirkendall effect and instability of hollow nanospheres 1.6 Nanosphere: The inverse Kirkendall effect in hollow alloy nanospheres 1.7 Nanosphere: Combining the Kirkendall effect and inverse Kirkendall effect on concentric bi–layer hollow nanospheres 1.8 Nanopore: Instability of a nanodonut hole in a membrane 1.9 Nanowire: Point contact reactions between metal and silicon nanowires 1.10 Nanowire: Nano gap in silicon nanowires 1.11 Nanowire: Lithiation in silicon nanowires 1.12 Nanowire: Point contact reactions between metallic nanowires 1.13 Nano–thin film: Explosive reaction in periodic multi–layered nano–thin films 1.14 Nano–microstructure in bulk sample: Nanotwins in Cu 1.15 Nano–microstructure on the surface of a bulk sample: Surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) of steel References Problems Chapter 2 Linear and Non–linear Diffusion 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Linear diffusion 2.3 Non–linear diffusion 2.3.1Non–linear effect due to kinetic consideration References Problems Chapter 3 Kirkendall effect and inverse Kirkendall effect 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Kirkendall effect 3.3 Inverse Kirkendall effect References Problems Chapter 4 Ripening among nano precipitates 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Ham’s model of growth of a large spherical precipitate 4.3 Mean field consideration 4.4 Gibbs–Thomson potential 4.5 Growth and dissolution of a spherical nano precipitate in a mean field 4.6 LSW Theory of kinetics of particle ripening 4.7 Continuity equation in size space 4.8 Size distribution function in conservative ripening References Problems Chapter 5 Spinodal decomposition 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Implication of diffusion equation in homogenization and in decomposition 5.3 Spinodal decompostion References Problems Chapter 6 Nucleation events in bulk materials, thin films, and nano–wires 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Thermodynamics and kinetics of nucleation 6.3 Heterogeneous nucleation in grain boundaries of bulk materials 6.4 No homogeneous nucleation in epitaxial growth of Si thin film on Si wafer References Problems Chapter 7 Contact reactions on Si; plane, line, and point contact reactions 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Bulk cases 7.3 Thin film cases 7.4 Nanowire cases References Problems Chapter 8 Grain growth in micro and nano scale 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Computer simulation to generate a 2D polycrystalline microstructure 8.3 Computer simulation of grain growth 8.4 Statistical distribution functions of grain size 8.5 Deterministic approach to grain growth modeling 8.6 Coupling between grain growth of a central grain and the rest of grains 8.7 Decoupling the grain growth of a central grain from the rest of grains in the normalized size space 8.8 Grain growth in 2D case in the normalized size space 8.9 Grain rotation of nano–grains References Problems Chapter 9 Self–sustained reactions in nanoscale multi–layered thin films 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The selection of a pair of metallic thin films for self–sustained reaction 9.3 A simple model of single–phase growth in self–sustained reaction 9.4 Estimate of flame velocity in steady state heat transfer 9.5 Comparison between reactions by annealing and by explosive reaction in Al/Ni 9.6 Self–explosive silicidation reactions References Problems Chapter 10 Formation and transformations of nano–twins in copper 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Formation of nano–twins in Cu 10.2.1 First principle calculation of energy of formation of nano–twins 10.3 Formation and transformation of oriented nano–twins in Cu 10.4 Potential applications of nano–twinned Cu References Problems Appendix A Laplace pressure of nano–cubic particles Appendix B Derivation of interdiffusion coefficient as CMG” Appendix C Non–equilibrium vacancies Appendix D Interaction between Kirkendall effect and Gibbs–Thomson effect in the formation of a spherical compound nanoshell Index

KING–NING TU, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of California, Los Angeles. His research focuses on kinetic processes in thin films, metal–silicon interfaces, electromigration, lead–free solder metallurgy, and point contact reactions on silicon nanowires. ANDRIY M. GUSAK, PhD, is Chair and Professor in the Department of Physics at Cherkasy National University. His research explores nanomaterial science and kinetics of nanoscale systems, with an emphasis on the development of microelectronic materials.