Aerial Photography and Image Interpretation

The new, completely updated edition of the aerial photography classic

Extensively revised to address today′s technological advances, Aerial Photography and Image Interpretation, Third Edition offers a thorough survey of the technology, techniques, processes, and methods used to create and interpret aerial photographs. The new edition also covers other forms of remote sensing with topics that include the most current information on orthophotography (including digital), soft copy photogrammetry, digital image capture and interpretation, GPS, GIS, small format aerial photography, statistical analysis and thematic mapping errors, and more. A basic introduction is also given to nonphotographic and space–based imaging platforms and sensors, including Landsat, lidar, thermal, and multispectral.

This new Third Edition features:

Additional coverage of the specialized camera equipment used in aerial photography

A strong focus on aerial photography and image interpretation, allowing for a much more thorough presentation of the techniques, processes, and methods than is possible in the broader remote sensing texts currently available

Straightforward, user–friendly writing style

Expanded coverage of digital photography

Test questions and summaries for quick review at the end of each chapter

Written in a straightforward style supplemented with hundreds of photographs and illustrations, Aerial Photography and Image Interpretation, Third Edition is the most in–depth resource for undergraduate students and professionals in such fields as forestry, geography, environmental science, archaeology, resource management, surveying, civil and environmental engineering, natural resources, and agriculture.

1 Introduction 1

PART 1 GEOMETRY AND PHOTO MEASUREMENTS 25

2 Geometry of a Vertical Aerial Photograph 27

3 Principles of Stereoscopic Vision 44

4 Scale of a Vertical Aerial Photograph 68

5 Horizontal Measurements Distance, Bearings, and Areas 86

6 Vertical Measurements 105

7 Acquisition of Aerial Photography 131

PART 2 MAPPING FROM VERTICAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS 159

8 Orthophotography 161

9 Map Projections, Grid Networks, and Control 173

10 The Global Positioning System 188

11 The Transfer of Detail 211

12 Geographic Information Systems 233

PART 3 PHOTO INTERPRETATION 243

13 Small Format Aerial Imagery 245

14 Films, Filters, and The Photographic Process 256

15 Principles and Techniques of Aerial Image Interpretation 280

16 Landforms and Drainage Patterns 306

17 Geology, Soils, and Engineering Applications 327

18 Land–Use Planning 353

19 Environmental Monitoring 370

20 Additional Topics in Natural Resources Management 386

21 Forestry 405

PART 4 NATURAL RESOURCES INVENTORY 429

22 Elementary Statistics and Sampling Techniques 431

23 Mapping Accuracy Assessment 460

24 Aerial Photo Mensuration 475

25 An Example Photo Timber Cruise 502

PART 5 AN INTRODUCTION TO REMOTE SENSING 521

26 Additional Characteristics of Electromagnetic Energy 523

27 Radar and Lidar Active Remote Sensors 534

28 Scanning Remote Sensors 559

APPENDIXES 581

A Summary of Photogrammetric Formulas 583

B Summary of Statistical Formulas 587

C Specimen Contract for Aerial Photography 592

D Selected Aerial Photo Volume Tables 599

E Partial Answers to Questions and Problems 608

F Partial Answers to Laboratory Exercises 611

G Metric Conversion Charts 615

Index 617

The late David P. Paine was Professor Emeritus in the Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management at Oregon State University.

James D. Kiser is an Assistant Professor and Head Undergraduate Advisor in the Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management at Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon.??He is also a Certified Photogrammetrist.