Immunology for Life Scientists

This is the second edition of the popular textbook Immunology for Life Scientists. Thoroughly updated to reflect the changes both within the subject itself as well as in the curriculum, this is the textbook for anyone studying immunology as past of another degree course. No previous instruction in the subject is assumed, rather a broad and basic knowledge is slowly built up and a sound understanding of the fundamentals of the discipline introduced in a step–by–step logical manner. Readers are encouraged to develop their own learning by reading the recommended review articles and attempting the self–assessment available in the book.clearly written chapterscovers all key aspects of basic immunologykeywords and concepts highlighted and summarisedself–assessment multiple choice questions

Spis treści:
Preface.
Preface to the 1st Edition.
Glossary.
1 Cells and tissues of the immune system.
1.1 Cells involved in the immune response.
1.1.1 Cellular origins – the pluripotent stem cell.
1.1.2 Cells principally involved in the innate immune response.
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Neutrophils.
Eosinophils.
Basophils and mast cells.
Megakaryocytes and platelets.
1.1.3 Antigen presenting cells and large granular lymphocytes.
Monocytes and macrophages.
Dendritic cells.
Large granular lymphocytes.
1.1.4 Cells involved in the specific immune response.
Lymphocytes.
T cells.
B cells.
Key points for review.
1.2 Lymphoid tissues.
1.2.1 Primary lymphoid tissues.
The thymus.
Mammalian "bursa equivalents".
B cell development in the bone marrow.
1.2.2 Secondary lymphoid tissues.
The lymphatic system.
Lymph nodes.
Spleen.
1.2.3 Tertiary lymphoid tissues.
Mucosa–associated lymphoid tissue.
Intraepithelial lymphocytes.
Key points for review.
Bibliography.
Now test yo urself!
2 Antigens and their receptors.
2.1 Characteristics of antigens and immunogens.
2.1.1 Factors affecting immunogenicity.
Foreignness.
Size.
Chemical complexity.
Route of administration.
Dose.
Host genetic make–up.
Approaches used to increase immunogenicity.
Key points for review.
2.2 The major histocompatibility factor.
2.2.1 Class I MHC molecules.
2.2.2 Class II MHC molecules.
2.2.3 Non–classical HLA molecules.
Key points for review.
2.3 Antigen receptors on cells.
2.3.1 The B cell antigen receptor.
Immunoglobulins.
Antibody structure.
Isotypes.
Allotypes.
Idiotypes.
2.3.2 Antibody classes.
Immunoglobulin G.
Immunoglobulin M.
Immunoglobulin A.
Immunoglobulin D.
Immunoglobulin E.
2.3.3 Antibody function.
2.3.4 Fc receptors.
2.3.5 The T cell antigen receptor.
g d T cells.
The CD3 complex.
Function of the TCR–CD3 complex.
2.3.6 The natural killer cell receptor.
Key points for review.
2.4 Generation of antigen receptor diversity.
2.4.1 Theories concerning antibody diversity.
2.4.2 The genetic basis of antibody diversity
V, D and J region heavy chain genes.
The light chain V and J genes.
2.4.3 Generation of antibody diversity.
Combinatorial and junctional diversity.
Control of VDJ gene rearrangement.
Mechanisms of V(D)J rearrangement.
Diversity due to somatic mutation.
2.4.4 Antibody maturation.
2.4.5 Genetic basis of T cell antigen receptor diversity.
"Similarity to self rule" – limited diversity.
Diverse TCR repertoire.
Genomic organisation – the TCRa chain.
Genomic organisation – the TCRb chain.
Genomic organisation – the TCRg chain.
Genomic organisation – the TCRd chain.
2.4.6 Generation of T cell antigen receptor diversity.
Size of the T cell repertoire.
Key points for review.
Bibliography.
Now test yourself!
3 The innat e immune response.
3.1 The complement cascades.
3.1.1 The classical complement pathway.
C1.
C4.
C2.
C3.
3.1.2 The alternative complement pathway.
3.1.3 The lectin pathway.
3.1.4 The membrane attack complex.
3.1.5 Regulation of complement activation.
C1 inhibitor (C1INH).
Regulators of complement activation (RCA) family.
Regulators of the membrane attack complex.
Key points for review.
3.2 Phagocytosis.
3.2.1 Pattern recognition receptors.
Complement receptor 3 (CR3).
CD14.
Toll–like receptors.
Macrophage scavenger receptors.
3.2.2 Opsonisation.
3.2.3 Ingestion.
3.2.4 Digestion.
3.2.5 The respiratory burst.
3.2.6 Other antimicrobial activities of lysosomes.
Defensins.
Key points for review.
3.3 Inflammation.
3.3.1 Inflammatory mediators.
3.3.2 Cellular responses in inflammation.
3.3.3 Chemokines.
Key points for review.
3.4 Haemostasis and thrombosis.
3.4.1 Regulation of coagulation.
3.4.2 The fibrinolytic system.
Key points for review.
Bibliography.
Now test yourself!
4 The adaptive immune response.
4.1 Antigen processing and presentation by MHC gene products.
4.1.1 Generation of peptides presented by MHC Class I molecules.
Assembly and intracellular transport of MHC Class I molecules.
4.1.2 Generation of peptides presented by MHC Class II molecules.
Assembly and intracellular transport of MHC Class II molecules.
Key points for review.
4.2 Antigen processing and presentation by CD1.
4.2.1 Structure of CD1.
4.2.2 Antigen presentation by CD1.
Key points for review.
4.3 Cell–mediated immunity.
4.3.1 Antigen–specific T cell stimulation.
T cell responses to antigen stimulation.
Th0, Th1 and Th2 cells.
4.3.2 Other cells in cell–mediated immunity.
Mechanisms of target cell death.
Cytotoxic T cells.
Macrophages.
NK cells.
Key points for review.
4.4 Cell adaptive immunity.
4.4.1 B cell differentiation and antibody production.
Class switching.
Key points for review.
4.5 Lymphocyte memory.
Key points for review.
4.6 The mucosal immune response.
4.6.1 Structure of the mucosal immune system.
Organised mucosal lymphoid tissue.
Intraepithelial cells.
Leukocytes in the lamina propria.
4.6.2 Immunoglobulins and mucosal immunity.
Production of other immunoglobulins in the mucosa.
4.6.3 The mucosae and their role in immunity.
Key points for review.
4.7 Tolerance.
4.7.1 Lymphocyte tolerance.
Induction time.
Antigen dose.
Antigen persistence.
Specificity.
Duration.
Route of administration.
Tissue specificity.
4.7.2 Mechanisms of tolerance induction.
Clonal deletion.
Clonal anergy.
Clonal exhaustion.
Clonal abortion.
Antibody forming cell (AFC) blockade.
4.7.3 Maintenance of tolerance.
Regulatory T cells.
Antibody–induced tolerance.
4.7.4 Mechanisms involved in the development of incomplete tolerance.
Key points for review.
Bibliography.
Now test yourself!
5 Abnormalities of the immune system.
5.1 Hypersensitivity.
5.1.1 Hypersensitivity reactions.
5.1.2 Type I hypersensitivity.
Regulation of Type I hypersensitivity.
Humoral events in allergy.
5.1.3 Type II hypersensitivity.
5.1.4 Type III hypersensitivity.
5.1.5 Type IV hypersensitivity.
Tuberculin–type DTH.
Granuloma formation.
Contact hypersensitivity.
Key points for review.
5.2 Autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases.
5.2.1 Causes of autoimmunity.
Genetic factors in autoimmune disease.
Sex–linked factors in autoimmune disease.
Stress and neurochemicals in autoimmune disease.
Chemicals and pharmaceuticals in autoimmune disease.
Viruses in autoimmune disease.
Antigen mimicry.
5.2.2 Classification of autoimmune disease.
5.2.3 Immunopathology of autoimmune di