Network Routing: Fundamentals, Applications, and Emerging Technologies

Network Routing: Fundamentals, Applications and Emerging Technologies serves as single point of reference for both advanced undergraduate and graduate students studying network routing, covering both the fundamental and more moderately advanced concepts of routing in traditional data networks such as the Internet, and emerging routing concepts currently being researched and developed, such as cellular networks, wireless ad hoc networks, sensor networks, and low power networks. Furthermore, QoS routing, and security and reliability are also discussed. Additionally, the book assesses the need for the different technologies, techniques and solutions for given problems in network routing, and provides model solutions.

Apart for conventional network routing topics, certain sections in various chapters cover contemporary topics like challenges in mobile computing, interoperability and applications of low power wireless personal area network, network management, mobile agents, attack surface, tactical networks, and cognitive security.

          Focuses on key concepts in different network technologies (e.g. the Internet, wireless ad hoc networks etc.)

          Provides a single point of reference on network routing

          Discusses techniques for given problems in network routing, and provides model solutions

          Explores advanced concepts in network routing such as security and reliability and fault–tolerance

          Includes an accompanying website containing PowerPoint slides and solutions to questions www.wiley.com/go/misra2204

 

This book is unique. It deals with routing in multiple generations of communication from NSFNet to IoT, passing through ATM, MPLS, ad hoc, cellular, and wireless sensor networks in–between. This will clearly have a differentiating value for the readers. The technology is changing at an unprecedented pace, and the modern–day networks are significantly different from how they looked just a decade ago. This has resulted in numerous design challenges, security concerns, mobile agents, network–centric operations, cognitive capabilities, and much more. This book is distinct as it touches significantly upon all communication technologies on the anvil for the near future, apart from its coverage of routing in past networks.

Raj Jain

Fellow of IEEE, ACM, and AAAS, Barbara H and Jerome R Cox, Jr, Professor of Computer Science and Engineering,

Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA

Network Routing: Fundamentals, Applications and Emerging Technologies

About The Author

Preface

Companion Website

Part I: Fundamental Concepts

Chapter 1: Introduction to Network Routing 1

1. Introduction to Networks 6

2. Network Architecture and Standards 9

3. Glimpse at the Network Layer 16

4. Addressing in TCP/IP Networks 19

5. Overview of Routing 24

6. Delivery, Forwarding, Routing and Switching 25

7. Routing Taxonomy 28

8. Host Mobility and Routing 31

Reference 33

Abbreviations/Terminologies 34

Questions 36

Exercise 37

Chapter 2: Basic Routing Algorithms 40

1. Introduction to Routing Algorithms 40

2. Routing Strategies 45

2.1 Non–adaptive Algorithms 50

2.2 Adaptive Algorithms 51

3. Static Shortest Path Routing Algorithms 55

4. Dynamic Shortest Path Routing Algorithms 59

Reference 64

Abbreviations/Terminologies 65

Questions 65

Exercise 66

Chapter 3: Fundamental Routing Protocols 69

1. Routing Protocols 69

2. Distance–Vector Routing 71

2.1 Working of the Protocol 72

2.2 Convergence of Distance Vector Table 73

2.3. Issues in Distance Vector Routing 75

2.3 Improvements in Distance Vector Routing 77

2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 78

3. Link–State Routing 78

3.1 Working of the Protocol 79

3.2 Routing Tables 81

4. Path–Vector Routing 81

4.1 Working of the Protocol 83

4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 86

References 93

Abbreviations/Terminologies 94

Questions 94

Exercise 95

Part II: Routing with Quality–of–Service and Traffic Engineering

Chapter 4: Quality–of–Service Routing 98

1. Introduction 98

2. QoS Measures 102

3. Differentiated and Integrated Services 105

4. QoS Routing Algorithms 113

5. QoS Unicast Routing Protocols 116

6. QoS Multicast Routing Protocols 118

7. QoS Best Effort Routing 123

Reference 126

Abbreviations/Terminologies 129

Questions 130

Chapter 5: Routing and MPLS Traffic Engineering 132

1. MPLS Fundamentals 132

2. Traffic Engineering Routing Algorithms 133

3. Minimum Interference Routing Algorithm 134

3.1 The Algorithm 135

3.2 Limitations of MIRA 137

4. Profile–Based Routing Algorithm 137

5. Dynamic Online Routing Algorithm 139

6. Wang et al. s algorithm 139

8. Random Races Algorithm for Traffic Engineering 140

Reference 140

Abbreviations/Terminologies 141

Questions 142

Exercise 142

Part III: Routing in the Internet

Chapter 6: Interior Gateway Protocols 143

1. Introduction 143

2. Distance Vector Protocols 145

2.1 Routing Information Protocol (RIP) 147

2.2 Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) 153

3. Link State Protocols 155

3.1 Open Shortest Path First Protocol (OSPF) 156

3.2 Intermediate–System to Intermediate–System Protocol (IS–IS) 161

References 165

Abbreviations/Terminologies 166

Questions 167

Exercise 168

Chapter 7: Exterior Gateway Protocol 171

1. Introduction 171

1.1 Hosts Vs Gateways 173

1.2 Gateway to Gateway Protocol (GGP) 174

1.3 Autonomous system 175

1.4 Characteristics of EGP 177

2. Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) 178

2.1 Evolution of EGP Standards 178

2.2 EGP Terminology and Topology 179

2.3 EGP Operation Model 179

3. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) 181

3.1 Router Connectivity and Terminology 181

3.2 Routing Information Base 194

3.3 BGP Operation 195

3.4 Decision Process 197

3.5 Route Selection Process 200

References 203

Abbreviations/Terminologies 204

Questions 205

Exercise 206

Part IV: Other Routing Contexts

Chapter 8: Routing in ATM Networks 208

1. Introduction 208

1.1 ATM Frames 210

1.2 ATM Connection 212

1.3 ATM Architecture 214

1.4 Service Categories 215

2. PNNI Routing 217

2.1 PNNI Interface 218

2.2 PNNI Hierarchy 218

2.3 Building the Network Topology 220

2.4 Peer Group Leader 221

2.5 Advertising Topology 222

2.6 Setting up Connection 223

References 224

Abbreviations/Terminologies 225

Questions 225

Exercise 227

Chapter 9: Routing in Cellular Wireless Networks 229

1. Introduction 229

2. Basics of Cellular Wireless Network 230

3. Resource Allocation 241

4. Routing in GSM Networks 243

4.1 Architecture 245

4.2 Call routing 247

5. Challenges in Mobile Computing 248

References 252

Abbreviations/Terminologies 254

Questions 255

Exercise 256

Chapter 10: Routing in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 258

1. Introduction to Wireless Ad hoc network 258

1.1. Basics of Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 261

1.2. Issues with Existing Protocols 272

2. Table–Driven (Proactive) Routing Protocols 275

3. On–Demand (Reactive) Routing Protocols 276

4. Hybrid Routing Protocols 285

5. Hierarchical Routing Protocols 285

6. Geographic Routing Protocols 287

7. Power–Aware Routing Protocols 294

References 296

Abbreviations/Terminologies 298

Questions 300

Exercise 301

Chapter 11: Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks 304

1. Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks 304

1.1 Hardware Architecture of Sensor Node 306

1.2 Network Topology 307

1.3 Design Factors 309

1.4 Classification of Routing Protocol 311

2. Routing Challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks 312

2.1 Self Healing Networks 314

2.2 Security Threats 315

3. Flat Routing Protocols 316

4. Hierarchical Routing Protocols 323

5. Location–Based Routing Protocols 328

6. Multipath Routing Protocols 330

7. Query–Based Routing Protocols 332

8. Negotiation–Based Routing Protocols 334

9. QoS Routing Protocols 335

9.1 Challenges 336

9.2 Approach to QoS Routing 337

9.3 Protocols 337

References 337

Abbreviations/Terminologies 341

Questions 342

Exercise 344

Chapter 12: Routing in 6LoWPAN 346

1. Introduction 346

1.1. IP for Smart Objects 347

1.2. 6LoWPAN 349

1.3. ZigBee 350

1.4. ZigBee Versus 6LoWPAN 350

2. 6LoWPAN Fundamentals 351

2.1. Architecture 352

2.2. Header Format and Compression 353

2.3. Network Topology 356

2.4. Neighbor Discovery 356

2.5. Routing 358

3. Interoperability of 6LoWPAN 359

4. Applications 361

5. Security Considerations and Research Areas 363

References 365

Abbreviations/Terminologies 369

Questions 371

Exercise 372

Part V: Advanced Concepts

Chapter 13: Security in Routing 374

1. Introduction 374

1.1. Network Sniffer 376

1.2. Denial of Service Attack 379

1.3. Social Engineering 380

1.4. Packet Filtering 381

2. Attack Surface 382

2.1. Types of Attack Surfaces 383

2.2. Attack Surface and System Resources 383

2.3. Attack Surface Metric 384

2.4. Reduction of Attack Surface 384

3. Networked Battlefield 385

4. Mobile Agents 389

4.1. Architecture and Framework 390

4.2 Life Cycle 391

4.3 Challenges 392

5. Cognitive Security 393

5.1 Solution Concept 394

5.2 Cognitive Capabilities 395

5.3 General Capabilities 395

References 396

Abbreviations/Terminologies 397

Questions 398

Exercise 399

Chapter 14: Reliability, Fault–Tolerant and Delay–Tolerant Routing 400

1. Fundamentals of Network Reliability 400

1.1 Importance of Reliability Calculation 401

1.2 Methods to calculate Reliability of a network 402

2. Fault–Tolerance 415

2.1 Fault Tolerant Network 417

2.2 Autonomic Network 419

3. Network Management for Fault Detection 420

3.1 Traditional Network Management 421

3.2 Mobile Agent Approach 422

3.3 Policy Based Network Management Approach 423

4. Wireless Tactical Networks 424

5. Routing in Delay–Tolerant Networks. 425

References 428

Abbreviations/Terminologies 430

Questions 431

Exercise 432

Sudip Misra, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India

Sumit Goswami, Defence Research and Development Organization, New Delhi, India.