Plant Metabolism and Biotechnology

Various plant metabolites are useful for human life, and the induction and reduction of these metabolites using modern biotechnical technique is of enormous potential important especially in the fields of agriculture and health. Plant Metabolism and Biotechnology describes the biosynthetic pathways of plant metabolites, their function in plants, and some applications for biotechnology. Topics covered include: biosynthesis and metabolism of starch and sugarslipid biosynthesissymbiotic nitrogen fixationsulfur metabolismnucleotide metabolismpurine alkaloid metabolismnicotine biosynthesisterpenoid biosynthesisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesismonoterpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesisflavonoid biosynthesispigment biosynthesis: anthocyanins, betacyanins and carotenoidsmetabolomics in biotechnology
Plant Metabolism and Biotechnology is an essential guide to this important field for researchers and students of biochemistry, plant biology, metabolic engineering, biotechnology, food science, agriculture, and medicine.

Spis treści:
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1: Biosynthesis and metabolism of starch and sugars
Frederik Börnke and Sophia Sonnewald
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Carbon partitioning in mesophyll cells
1.3 Sucrose biosynthesis in source leaves
1.4 Starch metabolism in source leaves
1.5 Sucrose to starch conversion in storage organs
1.6 Metabolic engineering of carbohydrate metabolism
1.7 Engineering soluble sugars
1.8 Production of novel carbohydrates in transgenic plants
1.9 Network analysis of carbohydrate metabolism
Acknowledgements
References

Chapter 2: Lipid biosynthesis
David Hildebrand
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fatty acid synthesis
2.3 Fatty Acid Desaturases
2.4 Lipid Signals
2.5 Algae
2.6 Membrane Synthesis
2.7 TAG Bio synthesis
2.8 Genetic Engineering of Oilseed for Industrial Uses
2.9 Plant Oils as a Renewable Resource
Acknowledgements
References

Chapter 3: Symbiotic nitrogen fixation
Hiroshi Kouchi
3.1 Nitrogen fixing organisms and the nitrogenase system
3.2 Symbiotic nodule formation in legume plants
3.3 Mutual interactions between host cells and bacteroids in legume nodules
3.4 Molecular genetic approaches to the host regulation of nitrogen fixation
References
Chapter 4: Sulfur metabolism
Hideki Takahashi
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sulphate transport
4.3 Sulphate reduction
4.4 Cysteine biosynthesis
4.5 Methionine biosynthesis
4.6 Regulators for coordination of sulphur metabolism
Chapter 5: Nucleotide metabolism
Rita Zrenner and Hiroshi Ashihara
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Pyrimidine metabolism
5.3. Purine metabolism
5.4 Pyridine metabolism
5.5 Biotechnological approaches
References

Chapter 6: Purine alkaloid metabolism
Hiroshi Ashihara, Shinjiro Ogita and Alan Crozier
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Classification of purine alkaloids
6.3 Occurrence of purine alkaloids
6.4 Biosynthesis of caffeine
6.5 Catabolism of caffeine
6.6 Physiological and ecological aspects of purine alkaloid metabolism in plants
6.7 Metabolic engineering of caffeine in planta
References

Chapter 7: Nicotine biosynthesis
Tsubasa Shoji and Takashi Hashimoto
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Pathways and enzymes
7.3 Compartmentation and trafficking
7.4 Gene regulation
7.5 Metabolic engineering
7.6 Summary
References

Chapter 8: Terpenoid biosynthesis
Dae–Kyun Ro
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Terpenoid diversity
8.3 Mechanistic aspects of terpenoid biogenesis
8.4 Terpene synthase – structure, evolution and engineering
8.5 T wo distinct pathways for isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) biosynthesis
8.6 Subcellular and cellular compartmentalisations of terpenoid metabolism
8.7 Gene clusters in terpenoid metabolism
8.8 Metabolic engineering of terpenoid metabolism
8.9 Concluding remark
References
Chapter 9: Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis
Isabel Desgagné–Penix and Peter J. Facchini
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Biosynthesis
9.3 Localization and transport of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids and their biosynthetic enzymes
9.4 Regulation
9.5 Application to biotechnology
9.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Monoterpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis
Vincenzo De Luca
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Monoterpenoid indole alkaloid (MIA) biosynthesis
10.3 MIA pathway gene discovery will be enhanced by large–scale sequencing and comparative analyses.
10.4 Developmental and environmental regulation of MIA biosynthesis
10.5 Metabolic engineering using enzymes with altered substrate specificity.
10.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References

Chapter 11: Flavonoid biosynthesis
Indu B. Jaganath and Alan Crozier
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Advancements in molecular approaches for flavonoid biosynthetic pathway elucidation
11.3 The flavonoid biosynthetic pathway as it is today
11.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Pigment biosynthesis I. Anthocyanins
Yoshihiro Ozeki, Yuki Matsuba, Yutaka Abe, Naoyuki Umemoto and Nobuhiro Sasaki
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The anthocyanin synthetic pathway followed by the flavonoid synthetic pathway
12.3 Glycosylation of anthocyanidins
12.4 Acylation of anthocyanin glycosides
12.5 Transport of anthocyanins from the cytosol to vacuoles
12.6 Concluding remarks
References

Chapter 13: Pigment biosynthesis II. Betacyanins and carotenoids
Masaaki Sakuta and Akemi Ohmiya
13.1 Betacyanins
13.2 Carotenoids
13.3. Metabolic engineering of carotenoid in food crops
References
Chapter 14: Metabolomics in biotechnology
Yozo Okazaki, Akira Oikawa, Miyako Kusano, Fumio Matsuda and Kazuki Saito
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Analytical technologies
14.3 Informatics Techniques
14.4 Biotechnological application
References