Underwater Acoustics: Analysis, Design and Performance of Sonar

Offering complete and comprehensive coverage of modern sonar spectrum system analysis, Underwater Acoustics: Analysis, Design and Performance of Sonar provides a state–of–the–art introduction to the subject and has been carefully structured to offer a much–needed update to the classic text by Urick. Expanded to included computational approaches to the topic, this book treads the line between the highly theoretical and mathematical texts and the more populist, non–mathematical books that characterize the existing literature in the field. The author compares and contrasts different techniques for sonar design, analysis and performance prediction and includes key experimental and theoretical results, pointing the reader towards further detail with extensive references. Practitioners in the field of sonar design, analysis and performance prediction as well as graduate students and researchers will appreciate this new reference as an invaluable and timely contribution to the field.
Chapters include the sonar equation, radiated, self and ambient noise, active sonar sources, transmission loss, reverberation, transducers, active target strength, statistical detection theory, false alarms, contacts and targets, variability and uncertainty, modelling detections and tactical decision aids, cumulative probability of detection, tracking target motion analysis and localization, and design and evaluation of sonars

Spis treści:
About the Author
Preface
Acknowledgements
1 Introduction to Sonar
1.1 Acoustic Waves
1.2 Speed of Propagation
1.3 Acoustic Wave Parameters
1.4 Doppler Shift
1.5 Intensity, SPL and Decibels
1.6 Combining Acoustic Waves
1.7 Comparative Parameter for Sound in Water and Air
2 The Sonar Equations
2.1 Signal to Noise Ratio
2.2 Active Sonar Equation
2.3 Signal Excess
2.4 FIGURE OF MERIT
3 Transducers, Directionality an d Arrays
3.1 Transducer Response
3.2 Beam Pattern Response
3.3 Linear Arrays
3.4 Rectangular Planar Array
3.5 Amplitude Shading
3.6 Continuous Arrays
3.7 Volumetric Arrays
3.8 Product Theorem
3.9 Broadband Beam Patterns
3.10 Directivity and Array Gain
3.11 Noise Cross Correlation Between Hydrophones
3.12 Directivity of Line Arrays
3.13 Directivity of Area Arrays
3.14 Directivity Of Volumetric Arrays
3.15 Difference Arrays
3.16 Multiplicative Arrays
3.17. Sparsely Populated Arrays
3.18. Adaptive Beamforming
4 Active Sonar Sources
4.1 Source Level
4.2 Cavitation
4.3 Near–Field Interactions
4.4 Explosive Sources
4.6 Bubble Pulses
4.7 Pros and Cons of Explosive Charges
4.8 Parametric Acoustic Sources
5 Transmission Loss
5.0.1 Sources of Loss
5.0.2 Wave–Ray Duality
5.1 Sound Speed Profile in the Sea
5.2 Snell’s Law and Transmission Across an Interface
5.3 Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
5.4 Transmission Through a Plate
5.5 Ray Tracing
5.6 SPREADING LOSS
5.7 Absorption of Sound in the Ocean
5.7 .1 Mechanisms of Absorption
6: TRANSMISSION LOSS: INTERACTION WITH BOUNDARIES6.1 SEA STATE, WIND SPEED AND WAVE HEIGHT
6.2 Pierson–Moskowitz model for fully developed seas.6.3 SEA SURFACE INTERACTION6.4 BOTTOM LOSS
6.5 LEAKAGE OUT OF A DUCT, LOW FREQUENCY CUTOFF
6.6 PROPAGATION LOSS MODEL DESCRIPTIONS
7 Ambient Noise
7.1 Ambient Noise Models
7.2 Seismic Noise
7.4 Shipping Noise
7.5 Wave Noise
7.6 Thermal Noise
7.7 Rain Noise
7.8 Temporal Variability of Ambient Noise
7.9 Depth Effects on Noise
7.10 Directionality of Noise
7.11 Under Ice Noise
7.12 Spatial Coherence of Ambient Noise
8 Reverberation
8.1 Scattering, Back Scattering Strength, and Target Strength
8.2 Reverberation Frequency Spread and Doppler Gain Potential
8.3 Important Observation With Respect to Reverberation
9 Active Target Strength
9.1 Target Strength Definition
9.2 Active Target Strength of a Large Sphere
9.3 Active Target Strength of a Very Small Sphere
9.4 Target Strengths of Simple Geometric Forms
9.5 Target Strength of Submarines
9.6 The TAP Model
9.7 Target Strength of Surface Ships
9.8 Target Strength of Mines and Torpedoes
9.9 Target Strength of Fish
10 Radiated Noise
10.1 General Characteristics of Ship Radiated Noise
10.2 Propeller Radiated Noise
10.3 Machinery Noise
10.4 Resonance Noise
10.5 Hydrodynamic Noise
10.6 Platform Quieting
10.7 Total Radiated Noise
11 Self Noise
11.1 Flow Noise
11.2 Turbulent Noise Coherence
11.3 Strumming Noise
12 Statistical Detection Theory
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Case 1: Signal is Known Exactly
12.3 Case 2: Signal is White Gaussian Noise
13 Methodology for the Calculation of Recognition Differential
13.1 Continuous Broadband Signals (PBB)
13.2 Continuous Narrowband Signals (PNB)
13.3 Active Sonar
13.4 Aural Detection
13.5 Display Nomenclature
14 False Alarms, False Contacts, and False Targets
14.1 Sea Story
14.2 Hypothesis Testing
14.3 Probability Density Function
14.4 False Alarm Probability Calculation
14.5 False/Non–Threat Contacts
14.6 False Targets
14.7 Summary and Conclusions
15: VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY15.1 WHAT DOES THE RANDOM VARIABILITY THAT WE ASSOCIATE WITH THE SONAR REPRESENT?
15.2 WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF VARIABILITY
16 Modeling Detections and Tactical Decision Aids
16.1 Figure of Merit Range or R50%
16.2 TACTICAL DECISION AIDS
17 Cumulative Probability of Detection
17.1 Why is CPD Important?
17.2 Discrete Glimpse and Continuous Looking
17.3 Lambda–Sigma Jump Model
17.4 Non–Jump Processes
17.5 What are Appropriate Random Parameters?
17.6 Approximation Method for the Computation of Cumulative Probability of Detection (CPD)
18: TRACKING, TARGET MOTION ANALYSIS AND LOCALIZATION18.1 BEARING TRACKERS18.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF TRACKING AND BEARING MEASUREMENT18.3 OTHER SOURCES OF BEARING ERROR FOR AREA ARRAYS
18.4 ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF ERRORS FOR LINE ARRAYS
18.5 BOTTOM BOUNCE
18.6 MANUAL vice AUTOMATIC TRACKING
18.7 LOCALIZTION AND TARGET MOTION ANALYSIS
18.8 BEARINGS ONLY METHODOLOGIES
18.9 FOUR–BEARING TMA
18.10 EKELUND RANGING
18.11 RANGE AND BEARING TMA
18.12 OTHER BEARINGS ONLY TMA METHODOLOGIES
18.13 OTHER TMA AND LOCALZATION SCHEMES
19 Design and Evaluation of Sonars
19.1 Choice of Frequency and Size
19.2 Computational Requirements
19.3 Signal Processing After Beamformer
19.4 Active Pulse Choice
19.5 Monostatic, Bistatic, and Multistatic Active Sonars
19.6 Ambiguity Functions
19.7 Mine Hunting and Bottom Survey Sonars
19.8 Echo Sounding and Fishing Sonars
19.9 Navigation
19.10 Vehicle Location and At–Sea Rescue
19.11 Intercept Receivers
19.12 Communications
19.13 Marine Mammals and Active Sonar
Appendix A Fourier Transforms
A.1 Definitions
A.2 Parseval’s Theorem and Plancherel’s Theorem
A.3 Properties of Fourier Transforms
A.4 Localization or Uncertainty Property
Appendix B Analysis of Errors Associated with a Least Square Methodology
Index


Nota biograficzna:
Richard P. Hodges has forty years experience in sonar, operations analysis, modeling, and the simulation of military systems. He is currently working for Sonalysts, Inc as a principal analyst, and is a member of the Acoustic Society of America. He has taught courses at the Naval Underwater Warfare Center (NUWC) and elsewhere in naval analysis of sonar, acoustics, TMA, tactics, weapons, damage and kill mechanisms, C4I, non–acoustic sensors, platform dynamics weapons, tactics and on the use of NUWC’s SIM II Naval Engagement Simulation.

Okładka tylna:
Offering complete and comprehensive coverage of modern sonar spectrum system analysis, Underwater Acoustics: Analysis, Design and Performance of Sonar provides a state–of–the–art introduction to the subject and has been carefully structured to offer a much–needed update to the classic text by Urick. Expanded to included computational approaches to the topic, this bo ok treads the line between the highly theoretical and mathematical texts and the more populist, non–mathematical books that characterize the existing literature in the field. The author compares and contrasts different techniques for sonar design, analysis and performance prediction and includes key experimental and theoretical results, pointing the reader towards further detail with extensive references. Practitioners in the field of sonar design, analysis and performance prediction as well as graduate students and researchers will appreciate this new reference as an invaluable and timely contribution to the field.
Chapters include the sonar equation, radiated, self and ambient noise, active sonar sources, transmission loss, reverberation, transducers, active target strength, statistical detection theory, false alarms, contacts and targets, variability and uncertainty, modelling detections and tactical decision aids, cumulative probability of detection, tracking target motion analysis and localization, and design and evaluation of sonars