Essential Fluid, Electrolyte and pH Homeostasis

This textbook provides a unique, pocket–sized, self–directed study guide to fluid, electrolyte and acid base homeostasis for undergraduate biomedical science, pharmacology, medical and allied health students. It details the chemical (mostly ionic) composition of body fluids, explains how abnormalities arise, what laboratory tests  can be used to identify and analyze the cause of these disorders and shows how normality can be achieved to maintain health.

Spis treści:
List of figures xiii
List of tables xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgements xxi
Part 1: Background theory and basic concepts.
Section 1.i Introduction and overview 3
Section 1.ii Water 8
Section 1.iii Solutions: concentrations and colligative properties of solutes 12
Section 1.iv Self–assessment exercise 1.1 16
Section 1.v Acids and bases 18
Section 1.vi Buffers and the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation 23
Section 1.vii Self–assessment exercise 1.2 26
Section 1.viii Body fluids and their composition: overview 28
Section 1.ix Fluid balance: (a) between fluid compartments and (b) intake and loss 34
Section 1.x Ionic composition and electrical neutrality 39
Section 1.xi Water and ion distribution between compartments 1: Physical chemistry 43
Section 1.xii Water and ion distribution between compartments 2: Physiology 50
Section 1.xiii Osmoregulation: solvent and solute balance 55
Section 1.xiv Self–assessment exercise 1.3 60
Section 1.xv Summary of Part 1 62
Answers to Part 1 self–assessment exercises 63
Part 2: Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis.
Normal physiology
Section 2.i Fluid translocation: plasma to ISF and ISF to ICF 83
Section 2.ii Renal function: a brief overview 88
Section 2.iii Renal regulation of blood composition 93
Section 2.iv Self–assessment exercise 2.1 100
Section 2.v Minerals: key roles in physiology and metabolism 102
Section 2.vi Sodium and potassium 106
Section 2.vii Sodium and water homeostasis: renal regulation of blood pressure and blood volume 109
Section 2.viii Calcium and magnesium 115
Section 2.ix Iron 123
Section 2.x Selected trace elements: Mn, Co, Se and S 128
Section 2.xi Anions: bicarbonate, chloride, phosphate and proteins 130
Section 2.xii Self–assessment exercise 2.2 132
Section 2.xiii Laboratory measurements 1: Osmometry 134
Section 2.xiv Laboratory measurements 2: Ion selective electrodes (ISEs) 138
Section 2.xv Laboratory measurements 3: Calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, phosphate and iron 147
Section 2.xvi Laboratory measurements 4: Miscellaneous methods for clinically useful analytes 150
Section 2.xvii Self–assessment exercise 2.3 154
Disorders of fluid and electrolyte balance
Section 2.xviii Introduction 157
Section 2.xix Principles of data interpretation 160
Section 2.xx Sodium, protein and water 167
Section 2.xxi Hypernatraemia 173
Section 2.xxii Hyponatraemia 179
Section 2.xxiii Disturbances of potassium homeostasis 184
Section 2.xxiv Hyperkalaemia 186
Section 2.xxv Hypokalaemia 189
Section 2.xxvi Disturbances of calcium or magnesium balance 193
Section 2.xxvii Disorders of iron homeostasis 200
Section 2.xxviii Self–assessment exercise 2.4 202
Section 2.xxix Summary of Part 2 207
Answers to Part 2 self–assessment exercises 209
Part 3: Acid–base homeostasis.
Normal physiological processes
Section 3.i Acidity, pH and buffers: recap of some basic chemistry 221
Section 3.ii Some worked example calculations 224
Section 3.iii Self–assessment exercise 3.1 227
Section 3.iv Homeostasis and the ′daily acid challenge′ 228
Section 3.v Physiological buffering 232
Section 3.vi The role of the kidney in acid–base homeostasis 237
Section 3.vii Respiration: gas pressures and bre athing 244
Section 3.viii The role of red cells: gas carriage by haemoglobin 248
Section 3.ix Self–assessment exercise 3.2 253
Section 3.x The liver and gastrointestinal tract in acid–base homeostasis 254
Section 3.xi The ‘traditional’ versus the ′modern′ view of acid–base homeostasis 257
Section 3.xii Stewart’s three independent factors 262
Section 3.xiii Laboratory measurement of pH, PCO2 and bicarbonate 268
Acid–base disturbances
Section 3.xiv Classification of primary changes based on pH and aetiology 273
Section 3.xv Overview of mechanisms 276
Section 3.xvi Physiological correction of primary disturbances 279
Section 3.xvii Check the data 283
Section 3.xviii Self–assessment exercise 3.3 284
Section 3.xix Non–respiratory (metabolic) acidosis 287
Section 3.xx Metabolic acidosis: detailed case studies 293
Section 3.xxi Non–respiratory (metabolic) alkalosis: overview 297
Section 3.xxii Non–respiratory (metabolic) alkalosis: causes 299
Section 3.xxiii Self–assessment exercise 3.4 302
Section 3.xxiv Respiratory disorders: overview 303
Section 3.xxv Physiological consequences of respiratory disorders 305
Section 3.xxvi Respiratory disorders: case studies 307
Section 3.xxvii Summary of Part 3 312
Answers to Part 3 self–assessment exercises 314
Appendix 325
Index 329