Sustainable Food Processing

Food processors face numerous challenges from ever–changing economic, social and environmental conditions. With global inequalities increasing, ingredient costs climbing, and global climate change becoming a major political issue, food producers must now address environmental concerns, social responsibility and economic viability when shaping their food processing techniques for the future. Food production, preservation and distribution contribute to greenhouse gas emissions from the agri–food sector, therefore food producers require detailed, industrially relevant information that addresses these challenges. The food industry, as one of the world’s largest users of energy, must embrace new ways of meeting the needs of the present without compromising future viability. It is important that the industry does not merely focus on simple indicators of sustainability that are relatively easy to calculate and hold appeal for governments and the public, but which do not properly address the many dimensions of sustainability. This book provides a comprehensive overview of both economic sustainability and the environmental concerns that relate to food processing. It is divided into four sections. Part one deals with principles and assessment of sustainability in the context of food processing; Part two summarises sustainability in various food processing applications within the food industry; Part three considers sustainability in food manufacturing operations that are vital in food production systems; and Part four addresses sustainable food distribution and consumption. As the most comprehensive reference book for industry to date, this book will provide engineers, educators, researchers, policy makers and scientists working in the food industry with a valuable resource for their work.

List of Contributors vii List of Figures xi List of Tables xv 1 Introduction 1 Brijesh K. Tiwari, Tomas Norton and Nicholas M. Holden Section 1: Principles and Assessment 9 2 Current Concepts and Applied Research in Sustainable Food Processing 11 Wayne Martindale, Tim Finnigan and Louise Needham 3 Environmental Sustainability in Food Processing 39 Poritosh Roy, Takahiro Orikasa, Nobutaka Nakamura and Takeo Shiina 4 Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainable Food Processing 63 Nicholas M. Holden and Ming–Jia Yan 5 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 93 Colm D. Everard, Colette C. Fagan and Kevin P. McDonnell 6 Risk Analysis for a Sustainable Food Chain 103 Uma Tiwari and Enda Cummins Section 2: Food Processing Applications 125 7 Dairy Processing 127 Anwesha Sarkar, Lakshmi Dave, Anant Dave and Shantanu Das 8 Meat Processing 169 Daniel M. Anang 9 Seafood Processing 195 Christian James, Graham Purnell and Stephen J. James 10 Sustainable Processing of Fresh–Cut Fruit and Vegetables 219 Francisco Artes–Hernandez, Perla A. Gomez, Encarna Aguayo, Alejandro Tomas–Callejas and Francisco Artes 11 Sustainable Food Grain Processing 269 Anil Kumar Anal, Imran Ahmad, Jiraporn Sripinyowanich and Athapol Noomhorm 12 Sustainable Brewing 295 Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan and N. N. Misra 13 Sustainable Processed Food 313 Anne Sibbel Section 3: Food Manufacturing Operations 337 14 Concept of Sustainable Packaging System and Its Development 339 Jasim Ahmed and Tanweer Alam 15 Sustainable Cleaning and Sanitation in the Food Industry 363 Tomas Norton and Brijesh K. Tiwari 16 Energy Consumption and Reduction Strategies in Food Processing 377 Lijun Wang 17 Water Consumption, Reuse and Reduction Strategies in Food Processing 401 Hulya Olmez 18 Food Industry Waste Management 435 Belarmino Adenso–Diaz and Carlos Mena 19 Sustainable Cold Chain 463 Stephen J. James and Christian James Section 4: Food Distribution and Consumption 497 20 National and International Food Distribution: Do Food Miles Really Matter? 499 David Coley, Michael Winter and Mark Howard 21 Sustainable Global Food Supply Networks 521 Ultan McCarthy, Ismail Uysal, Magalie Laniel, Gerard Corkery, Francis Butler, Kevin P. McDonnell and Shane Ward 22 Sustainable Food Consumption 539 Kritika Mahadevan Index 557

The Editors Dr Brijesh K. Tiwari is a Senior Research Officer in the Department of Food Biosciences at the Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland. Dr Tomas Norton is a Senior Lecturer in Biosystems Engineering in the Engineering Department of Harper Adams University, Shropshire, UK. Professor Nicholas M. Holden is Associate Professor of Biosystems Engineering and Head of Agricultural Systems Technology at University College Dublin, Ireland.