The Handbook of Language Variation and Change

Incorporating the wealth of developments in this interdisciplinary and dynamic field over the last decade, this second edition ensures that the Handbook remains the authoritative reference volume on the study and analysis of language variation and change. Seven new chapters have been added, while the remainder have undergone thorough revision and updating to reflect advances and new perspectives in each topic covered. The Handbook is accessibly structured by theme, covering topics including data collection and evaluation, linguistic structure, language and time, social differentiation, language contact, and language domains. Bringing together an experienced, international editorial and contributor team, it provides an unrivalled learning, teaching and reference tool for researchers and students in sociolinguistics. The volume is also a vital resource for scholars in related disciplines requiring a reliable overview of the central topics and methods in the study of language variation and change. This new edition offers a convenient and accessible repository of essential knowledge that demonstrates the continuing vitality of the discipline.

List of Illustrations ix List of Contributors xiii Preface to the Second Edition xv Studying Language Variation: An Informal Epistemology 1 J.K. Chambers Part I Data Collection 17 1 Entering the Community: Fieldwork 19 Crawford Feagin 2 Data in the Study of Variation and Change 38 Tyler Kendall 3 Investigating Historical Variation and Change in Written Documents: New Perspectives 57 Edgar W. Schneider Part II Evaluation 83 4 The Quantitative Paradigm 85 Robert Bayley 5 Sociophonetics 108 Erik R. Thomas 6 Comparative Sociolinguistics 128 Sali A. Tagliamonte 7 Language with an Attitude 157 Dennis R. Preston Part III Linguistic Structure 183 8 Variation and Syntactic Theory 185 Ralph W. Fasold 9 Investigating Chain Shifts and Mergers 203 Matthew J. Gordon 10 Discourse Variation 220 Ronald Macaulay Part IV Language and Time 237 11 Real Time and Apparent Time 239 Patricia Cukor–Avila and Guy Bailey 12 Child Language Variation 263 Julie Roberts 13 Adolescence 277 Sam Kirkham and Emma Moore 14 Patterns of Variation including Change 297 J.K. Chambers Part V Social Differentiation 325 15 Investigating Stylistic Variation 327 Natalie Schilling 16 Social Class 350 Sharon Ash 17 Gender, Sex, Sexuality, and Sexual Identities 368 Robin Queen 18 Ethnicity 388 Carmen Fought Part VI Domains 407 19 Social Networks 409 Lesley Milroy and Carmen Llamas 20 Communities of Practice 428 Miriam Meyerhoff and Anna Strycharz 21 Constructing Identity 448 Scott F. Kiesling Part VII Contact 469 22 Space, Diffusion and Mobility 471 David Britain 23 Linguistic Outcomes of Bilingualism 501 Gillian Sankoff 24 Koineization 519 Paul Kerswill 25 Supraregionalisation and Dissociation 537 Raymond Hickey Part VIII Sociolinguists and Their Communities 555 26 Community Commitment and Responsibility 557 Walt Wolfram Postscript 577 Natalie Schilling and Jack Chambers Index 579

J. K. Chambers is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Toronto. He is the author of Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and its Social Significance, Revised Edition (Wiley–Blackwell, 2009) and Dialectology, Second Edition (with P. Trudgill, 1998), as well as numerous other books and scores of articles. He works extensively as a forensic consultant and maintains a parallel vocation in jazz criticism, having published a prize–winning biography of Miles Davis, Milestones: The Music and Times of Miles Davis (1998) and a volume on the bebop pianist Richard Twardzik (2008). Natalie Schilling is Associate Professor of Linguistics at Georgetown University. She is the author of American English: Dialects and Variation, Second Edition (with W. Wolfram, Wiley–Blackwell, 2006), Sustaining Linguistic Diversity: Endangered and Minority Languages and Language Varieties (with K. King, L. Fogle, J. J. Lou, and B. Soukup, 2008), and Sociolinguistic Fieldwork (2013). An expert in language variation and change in American English, she conducts workshops on sociolinguistics and education, as well as forensic linguistics, and is a noted consultant in both these fields.