Weed Anatomy

Weeds affect everyone in the world by reducing crop yield and crop quality, delaying or interfering with harvesting, interfering with animal feeding (including poisoning), reducing animal health, preventing water flow, as plant parasites, etc. Weeds are common everywhere and cause many $ billions worth of crop losses annually, with the global cost of controlling weeds running into $ billions. The anatomy of plants is generally well understood, but the examples used for explanations in most books are often restricted to non–weed species. Weeds have many features that make them more competitive, for example enabling them to more quickly recover after herbicide treatment. Some of these adaptations include rhizomes, adapted roots, tubers and other special structures. Until now, no single book has concentrated on weeds’ anatomical features. A comprehensive understanding of these features is, however, often imperative to the successful implementation of many weed control measures. Beautifully and comprehensively illustrated, in full colour throughout, Weed Anatomy provides a comprehensive insight into the anatomy of the globally–important weeds of commercial significance. Commencing with a general overview of anatomy, the major part of the book then includes sections covering monocotyledons, dicotyledons, brackens and horsetails, with special reference to their anatomy. Ecological and evolutionary aspects of weeds are also covered and a number of less common weeds such as Adonis vernalis, Caucalis platycarpos and Scandix pecten–veneris are also included. The authors of this book, who have between them many years of experience studying weeds, have put together a true landmark publication, providing a huge wealth of commercially–important information. Weed scientists, plant anatomists and agricultural scientists, including personnel within the agrochemical and crop protection industry, will find a great deal of useful information within the book’s covers. All libraries in universities and research establishments where agricultural and biological sciences are studied and taught should have copies of this exceptional book on their shelves.

Section I Cells and Tissues 1 Introduction 3 Chapter 1 Tissues 5 Chapter 2 Parenchyma 8 Chapter 3 Collenchyma 10 Chapter 4 Sclerenchyma, a Typical Contributor to Weediness 12 Section II Meristematic, Secretory, Storage and Boundary Structures 17 Chapter 5 Meristems 19 Chapter 6 Secretory Structures 24 Chapter 7 External Secretory Structures 26 Chapter 8 Internal Secretory Structures 30 Chapter 9 Stored Compounds 35 Chapter 10 Epidermis 37 Chapter 11 Stomata 40 Chapter 12 Non–glandular Trichomes and Papillae 42 Section III Vascular Elements and Pith 47 Chapter 13 Vascular Bundles 49 Chapter 14 Xylem 52 Chapter 15 Pits 58 Chapter 16 Phloem 60 Chapter 17 Pith 64 Section IV Stem, Root and Growth 67 Chapter 18 Stem 69 Chapter 19 Dicot Stem – Cortex 71 Chapter 20 Dicot Stem – Patterns of Vascular Tissues 74 Chapter 21 Vascular Bundles and Leaf Traces in Dicots 78 Chapter 22 Monocot Stem 82 Chapter 23 Horsetail and Bracken Stem 88 Chapter 24 Root Morphology 92 Chapter 25 Root Histology 97 Chapter 26 Root Tip 99 Chapter 27 Xylem Patterns 102 Chapter 28 Endodermis and Pericycle 109 Chapter 29 Rhizodermis, Exodermis and Cortex 114 Chapter 30 Root Genetics 116 Chapter 31 Primary and Secondary Growth 117 Chapter 32 Anomalous Secondary Growth 126 Section V Complex Tissues and Organs 129 Chapter 33 Leaf 131 Chapter 34 Flower 142 Chapter 35 Androecium 154 Chapter 36 Gynoecium 159 Chapter 37 Genetics of Flower Formation 169 Chapter 38 Fruit 170 Chapter 39 Carpels, Pericarp and Various Fruit Forms 173 Chapter 40 Genetics of Fruit Development 184 Chapter 41 Seed 185 Chapter 42 Genetics of Seed Development 190 Chapter 43 Secondary Reproduction Characteristics 191 Chapter 44 Flower Modifications in Weeds 192 Chapter 45 Seedling and Embryo 196 Section VI Vegetative Propagation 203 Chapter 46 Vegetative Weed Reproduction 205 Chapter 47 Rhizomes 206 Chapter 48 Tubers and Corms 211 Chapter 49 Stolons and Runners 217 Chapter 50 Roots with Adventitious Buds 219 Chapter 51 Bulbs 222 Section VII Weediness 225 Chapter 52 Indicators of Weediness 227 Section VIII Short Monographs 233 Chapter 53 Introduction to Monographs 235 Chapter 54 Weed Anatomy Monographs 237 Monograph 1: Abutilon theophrasti Medicus 237 Monograph 2: Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. and Alopecurus japonicus Steudel 241 Monograph 3: Amaranthus retrofl exus L. and Amarantus palmeri S. Wats. 248 Monograph 4: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. 259 Monograph 5: Apera spica–venti (L.) P. Beauv. 266 Monograph 6: Avena fatua L. and Avena sterilis L. 268 Monograph 7: Bidens pilosa L. and Bidens tripartita L. 272 Monograph 8: Bromus secalinus L., Bromus sterilis L. and Bromus tectorum L. 276 Monograph 9: Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. and Convolvulus arvensis L. 279 Monograph 10: Chenopodium album L. 282 Monograph 11: Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. 293 Monograph 12: Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. and Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. 298 Monograph 13: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 304 Monograph 14: Cyperus esculentus L., Cyperus iria L., Cyperus rotundus L. and Cyperus serotinus Rottb. 311 Monograph 15: Digitaria sanguinalis L. 325 Monograph 16: Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link and Echinochloa crus–galli (L.) Beauv. 333 Monograph 17: Eleusine indica (L.) Link 342 Monograph 18: Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski 348 Monograph 19: Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Löve, Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decraene, Fallopia sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Ronse Decraene and Fallopia baldschuanica (Regel) Holub 357 Monograph 20: Galium aparine L. 370 Monograph 21: Impatiens glandulifera Royle 375 Monograph 22: Lolium multifl orum Lam., Lolium perenne L. and Lolium rigidum Gaudin 386 Monograph 23: Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill and Myosotis palustris (L.) Nath. 394 Monograph 24: Paspalum dilatatum Poir. 400 Monograph 25: Phalaris minor Retz. and Phalaris paradoxa L. 410 Monograph 26: Poa annua L. 416 Monograph 27: Polygonum amphibium L., Polygonum aviculare L. and Polygonum lapathifolium L. 422 Monograph 28: Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W. Clayton 429 Monograph 29: Setaria faberi Herrm., Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. and Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. 434 Monograph 30: Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 441 Monograph 31: Urochloa platyphylla (Munroe ex C. Wright) R. D. Webster 450 Monograph 32: Xanthium strumarium L. and Xanthium spinosum L. 454 Section IX Methods for the Preparation of Sections 463 Chapter 55 Tissue Preparation and Staining Procedures 465 References 472 Index 482

Hansjoerg Kraehmer is Past President of the European Weed Research Society and is based at Bayer CropScience, Frankfurt, Germany. Peter Baur heads the Competence Center Crop Protection, Clariant, Frankfurt, Germany. He is external Professor at the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany, and Past President of the International Society for Agrochemical Adjuvants.

“Despite its limitations, the book could complement more basic and fundamental treatises on plant anatomy.  Summing Up: Recommended.  With reservations.  Only comprehensive botany collections, lower–division undergraduates through researchers/faculty.”  ( Choice , 1 December 2013)