Medicine at a Glance

This fourth edition of Medicine at a Glance , the leading title in the best–selling at a Glance series, provides an unparalleled overview of the study of medicine, closely following the core medical curriculum. Ideal for medical students, Foundation programme doctors and those training in the allied health professions, Medicine at a Glance presents vital information on clinical presentations, diseases, and treatments in every major medical specialty, from cardiology to dermatology. Medicine at a Glance : • Has been fully revised to reflect essential clinical and curriculum updates. • Contains brand new material in key areas such as imaging, women’s health, communication and data interpretation. • Features a brand new, clearer text design, in the trusted at a Glance double–page spread style, in full–colour throughout. • Is the ideal, practical companion to clinical attachments, available in a range of digital formats for on–the–go study and revision. • Includes a companion website at www.ataglanceseries.com/medicine featuring interactive multiple choice questions and digital flashcards.

Preface List of contributors Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Introduction 1 How to be a medical student 2 Patient confidentiality 3 Consent 4 Relationship with the patient 5 History of presenting complaint 6 Past medical history, drugs and allergies 7 Family and social history 8 Functional enquiry 9 Principles of examination 10 Basic clinical skills 11 Is the patient ill? 12 The critically ill patient Clinical presentations at a glance Cardiovascular disease 13 Chest pain 14 Oedema 15 Palpitations 16 The painful leg 17 Heart murmurs 18 Shock Respiratory disease 19 Breathlessness, cough and haemoptysis 20 Wheeze (stridor) 21 Pleural effusion 22 Pneumothorax  Gastroenterology 23 Unintentional weight loss 24 Constipation and change in bowel habit 25 Diarrhoea: acute and chronic 26 Vomiting and intestinal obstruction 27 Haematemesis and melaena 28 Rectal bleeding 29 Dysphagia 30 Abdominal pain and dyspepsia 31 Jaundice 32 Abdominal mass 33 Ascites Renal medicine 34 Polyuria and oliguria 35 Dysuria, frequency and urgency 36 Haematuria Endocrinology 37 Sweating, flushing and thyroid swellings 38 Obesity 39 Hirsutism and infertility 40 Erectile dysfunction and gynaecomastia Infectious disease 41 Principles of infection 42 Diagnosis of infection 43 Fever and the assessment of the patient with presumed infection  44 Fever and infections in hospital patients 45 Fever of unknown origin 46 Fever and rash 47 Fever in HIV–infected patients 48 Fever in the returned traveller 49 Vaginal discharge and urethritis Haematology 50 Anaemia 51 Clinical approach to lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly 52 The patient with abnormal bleeding or bruising 53 Leukopenia Oncology 54 Oncological emergencies Neurology 55 Introduction to neurological diagnosis1 56 Introduction to neurological diagnosis2 57 Introduction to neurological diagnosis 3: neuroepidemiology  58 Common neurological symptoms 59 Weakness 60 Disturbance of vision: a neurological perspective 61 Sudden painless loss of vision 62 Tremor and other involuntary movements 63 Headache and facial pain 64 Episodic alterations in awareness and consciousness  Ophthalmology 65 The red eye Rheumatology 66 Introduction to rheumatological disease 67 Low back pain and other regional pain syndromes Dermatology 68 Introduction to dermatology  69 Pruritis and rashes  70 Hair and nail disorders  71 Leg ulcers  72 Photodermatoses Women’s health 73   Pelvic pain 74 Urinary incontinence Other acute medical emergencies 75 Attempted suicide by drug poisoning  76 Anaphylaxis  77 Allergic reactions  78 Cardiac and respiratory arrest  79 Delirium  80 Coma  Diseases and treatments at a glance Cardiovascular disease 81 Hypertension  82 Hyperlipidaemia 83 Acute coronary syndromes  84 ST segment elevation myocardial infarction  85 Chronic coronary syndromes  86 Aortic dissection  87 Heart failure  88 Aortic valve disease  89 Mitral valve disease  90 Cardiomyopathies  91 Pericardial disease  92 Pulmonary embolism  93 Cardiac infections  94 Tachyarrhythmias  95 Bradyarrhythmias  96 Congenital heart disease  Respiratory disease 97 Lung function tests  98 Sleep apnoea  99 Respiratory failure  100 Arterial blood gas analysis  101CXR anatomy 102  Basic chest X–ray interpretation  103  CXR cases1 104  CXR cases2 105 Non–invasive ventilation  106 Mechanical ventilation  107 Lower respiratory tract infection: pneumonia  108 Upper respiratory tract infection  109 Asthma  110 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease  111 Bronchiectasis  112 Cystic fibrosis  113 Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous lung diseases 114 Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (hypersensitivity pneumonitis)  115 Pulmonary fibrosis 116 Pulmonary eosinophilia and vasculitis  117 Fungi and the lung  118 Industrial lung disease 119 Lung disease caused by drugs 120 BOOP and ARDS  121 Primary tumours of the lung  Gastroenterology 122 Food poisoning and gastrointestinal infections  123 Reflux  124 Peptic ulcer disease  125 Diverticular disease  126 Iron deficiency  127 Abnormal liver function tests  128 Inflammatory bowel disease  129 Malabsorption  130 Pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer  131 Gallstone disease  132 Inflammatory liver disease: viral and immune  133 Acute and chronic liver disease  134 Metabolic liver disease (including alcohol)  135 Upper gastrointestinal cancer  136 Colorectal cancer  137 Imaging in gastrointestinal disease  138 Functional gastrointestinal disorders  139 Nutrition  Renal medicine 140 Renal physiology and function tests  141 Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia  142 Hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia  143 Disorders of acid–base balance  144 Urinary calculi  145 Nephrotic and nephritic syndromes 146 Glomerulonephritis  147 Renal involvement in systemic disease  148 Hereditary renal disorders  149 Tubulointerstitial disease  150 Acute renal failure  151 Chronic renal failure and the dialysis patient  152 The renal transplant recipient  153 Drugs and renal failure  154 Benign prostatic hypertrophy  155 Urinary tract infection  Endocrinology 156 Diabetes mellitus  157 Complications of diabetes  158 Diabetic emergencies  159 Hyperprolactinaemia and acromegaly  160 Hypothyroidism  161 Hyperthyroidism  162 Calcium metabolism  163 Adrenal disease  164 Miscellaneous endocrine disorders  165 Hypogonadism  Infectious disease 166 Bacteraemia and septic shock  167 Common viral infections in adults  168 HIV infection and AIDS  169 Common fungal infections  170 Specific bacterial infections  171 Malaria  172 Tuberculosis  173 Tropical infectious diseases  174 Diseases predisposing to infection  175 Immunological deficiency syndromes  Haematology 176 Haematinic deficiency anaemias  177 Haemolytic anaemia  178 Thalassaemia and sickle cell disease  179 Bone marrow failure 180 Acute leukaemia  181 Chronic leukaemia  182 Lymphoma  183 Myeloproliferative disorders  184 Myeloma  185 Myelodysplasia  186 The blood in systemic disease  187 Platelet disorders  188 Disorders of coagulation  189 Anticoagulation and antiplatelet drugs  190 Thrombophilia  Oncology 191 Aetiology of cancer  192 Diagnostic strategies and basic principles of cancer management  193 Cancer screening and early detection  194 Breast cancer  195 Prostate cancer  196 Cancer with an unknown primary  197 Paraneoplastic syndromes and hormone–producing cancers  198 Palliative care  Neurology 199 Head CT cases 200 Head MRI cases 201 Stroke  202 Management of stroke  203 Other vascular disorders of the brain  204 Dementias  205 Epilepsy  206 Multiple sclerosis  207 Infections of the central nervous system  208 Tumours and the nervous system  209 Spinal cord disease  210 Neuromuscular disease  211 Peripheral neuropathy  212 Movement disorders  Rheumatology 213 Osteoarthritis  214 Gout and pseudogout  215 Arthritis associated with infectious agents  216 Metabolic bone disease  217 Other bone disease  218 Rheumatoid arthritis  219 Seronegative spondyloarthropathies  220 Vasculitis  221 Systemic lupus erythematosus  222 Inflammatory muscle disease and selected forms of vasculitis  Dermatology 223 Eczema and urticaria  224 Psoriasis  225 Acne, rosacea and hidradenitis  226 Disorders of skin pigmentation  227 Blistering diseases  228 Skin infections and infestations  229 The skin and systemic disease 230 Skin tumours  231 Orogenital disease Women’s Health 232 Endometriosis and adenomyosis 233  Polycystic ovary syndrome 234  Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy 235  Cardiovascular disease in pregnancy 236  Other medical and surgical conditions in pregnancy Miscellaneous 237 Fluid replacement therapy 238 Illness in elderly people  239 Chronic tiredness and other medically unexplained symptoms  240 Psychiatric disorders  241 Substance abuse  242 Alcohol abuse and dependence  243 Drug toxicity (adverse drug reactions)  Index