Biological Sampling in the Deep Sea

The deep sea covers over 60% of the surface of the earth, yet less than 1% has been scientifically investigated. There is growing pressure on deep-sea resources and on researchers to deliver information on biodiversity and the effects of human impacts on deep-sea ecosystems. Although scientific knowledge has increased rapidly in recent decades, there exist large gaps in global sampling coverage of the deep sea, and major efforts continue to be directed into offshore research. Biological Sampling in the Deep Sea represents the first comprehensive compilation of deep-sea sampling methodologies for a range of habitats. It reviews the real life applications of current, and in some instances developing, deep-sea sampling tools and techniques. In creating this book the authors have been able to draw upon the experiences of those at the coal face of deep-sea sampling, expanding on the existing methodological texts whilst encompassing a level of technical detail often omitted from journal publications. Ultimately the book will promote international consistency in sampling approaches and data collection, advance the integration of information into global databases, and facilitate improved data analyses and consequently uptake of science results for the management and conservation of the deep-sea environment. The book will appeal to a range of readers, including students, early-career through to seasoned researchers, as well as environmental managers and policy makers wishing to understand how the deep-sea is sampled, the challenges associated with deep survey work, and the type of information that can be obtained.

Contributors vii Preface x Chapter 1 Deep Sea Benthic Habitats 1 Paul Tyler, Maria Baker and Eva Ramirez Llodra Chapter 2 Deep Sea Fauna 16 Stefano Schiaparelli, Ashley Rowden and Malcolm R. Clark Chapter 3 Survey and Sampling Design 36 Malcolm R. Clark, Thomas A. Schlacher, Gui Menezes, Tina Molodtsova and Ian J. Doonan Chapter 4 Environmental Sampling 57 Martin White, Christian Mohn and Kostas Kiriakoulakis Chapter 5 Benthic Habitat Mapping 80 Geoffroy Lamarche, Alan Orpin, John Mitchell and Arne Pallentin Chapter 6 Deep Sea Zooplankton Sampling 103 Bernd Christiansen Chapter 7 Trawls 126 Malcolm R. Clark, Neil W. Bagley and Brian Harley Chapter 8 Longlines 159 Gui Menezes and Michael Sigler Chapter 9 Epibenthic Sledges 184 Stefanie Kaiser and Nils Brenke Chapter 10 Corers and Grabs 207 Bhavani E. Narayanaswamy, Brian J. Bett, Peter Lamont, Ashley A. Rowden, Elanor M. Bell and Lenaick Menot Chapter 11 Landers: Baited Cameras and Traps 228 Alan J. Jamieson Chapter 12 Towed Cameras 260 David A. Bowden and Daniel O.B. Jones Chapter 13 Submersibles and Remotely Operated Vehicles 285 Christopher Kelley, Terrence Kerby, Pierre Marie Sarradin, Jozee Sarrazin and Dhugal Lindsay Chapter 14 Seafloor Observatories 306 Marjolaine Matabos, Mairi Best, Jerome Blandin, Maia Hoeberechts, S. Kim Juniper, Benoit Pirenne, Katleen Robert, Henry Ruhl, Jozee Sarrazin and Michael Vardaro Chapter 15 Sorting, Recording, Preservation and Storage of Biological Samples 338 Stefano Schiaparelli, Kareen E. Schnabel, Bertrand Richer de Forges and Tin Yam Chan Chapter 16 Information Management Strategies for Deep Sea Biology 368 Karen Stocks, Nancy Jacobsen Stout and Timothy M. Shank Chapter 17 Data Analysis Considerations 386 Timothy D. O Hara, Thomas A. Schlacher, Ashley A. Rowden and Derek P. Tittensor Chapter 18 Application of Biological Studies to Governance and Management of the Deep Sea 404 Cindy Lee Van Dover, Sophie Arnaud Haond, Malcolm R. Clark, Samantha Smith, Andrew Thaler and Sybille van den Hove Chapter 19 The Future of Biological Sampling in the Deep Sea 431 Mireille Consalvey, Malcolm R. Clark and Ashley A. Rowden Glossary 437 Index 000