Principles of Turbomachinery

The essential guide to turbomachinery that covers thefundamentals and much more

A readily accessible and engaging reference work dealing withall aspects of an increasingly important field, Principles ofTurbomachinery addresses the wide range of different types ofmachines that transfer energy between a rotor and a fluid.

The book combines theory with practical applications that showturbomachinery in action, including studies of gas turbines, pumps,and compressors. Designed to allow the reader to make thetransition from earlier studies of thermodynamics, fluid dynamics,and heat transfer to the field of turbomachinery, it also looks atnew developments, such as wind turbine development andthree–dimensional effects in axial turbomachines.

Organized to act as both a comprehensive study of turbomachineryas well as a resource that readers can dip into as needed, chaptersare arranged in order of complexity, and can be read alone, and inor out of sequence, enabling readers to learn at their own pace,and tailor the book to meet their own unique needs.

Designed for mechanical, chemical, and aeronautical engineersand students and professionals working in these fields,Principles of Turbomachinery is also an important resourcefor environmental, petroleum, and agricultural engineers who needto gain a solid background in the field.

Foreword xiii

Acknowledgments xv

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Energy and fluid machines 1

1.2 Historical survey 7

2. Principles of Thermodynamics and Fluid Flow 15

2.1 Mass conservation principle 15

2.2 First law of thermodynamics 17

2.3 Second law of thermodynamics 19

2.4 Equations of state 20

2.5 Efficiency 36

2.6 Momentum balance 47

3. Compressible Flow through Nozzles 57

3.1 Mach number and the speed sound 57

3.2 Isentropic flow with area change 61

3.3 Normal shocks 69

3.4 Influence of friction in flow through straight nozzles75

3.5 Supersaturation 90

3.6 Prandtl–Meyer expansion 92

3.7 Flow leaving a turbine theory 100

4. Principles of Turbomachine Analysis 105

4.1 Velocity triangles 106

4.2 Moment of momentum balance 108

4.3 Energy transfer in turbomachines 109

4.4 Utilization 116

4.5 Scaling and similitude 124

4.6 Performance characteristics 130

5. Stream Turbines 135

5.1 Introduction 135

5.2 Impulse turbines 137

5.3 Stage with zero reaction 158

5.4 Loss coefficients 160

6. Axial Turbines 165

6.1 Introduction 165

6.2 Turbine stage analysis 167

6.3 Flow and loading coefficients and reaction ratio 171

6.4 Three–dimensional flow 181

6.5 Radial equilibrium 181

6.6 Constant mass flux 187

6.7 Turbine efficiency and losses 190

6.8 Multistage turbine 214

7. Axial Compressors 221

7.1 Compressor stage analysis 222

7.2 Design deflection 230

7.3 Radial equilibrium 235

7.4 Diffusion factor 242

7.5 Efficiency and losses 247

7.6 Cascade aerodynamics 252

8. Centrifugal Compressors and Pumps 265

8.1 Compressor analysis 266

8.2 Inlet design 274

8.3 Exit design 281

8.4 Vaneless diffuser 285

8.5 Centrifugal pumps 290

8.6 Fans 302

8.7 Cavitation 305

8.8 Diffuser and volute design 305

9. Radial Inflow Turbines 313

9.1 Turbine analysis 314

9.2 Efficiency 319

9.3 Specific speed and specific diameter 323

9.4 Stator flow 329

9.5 Design of the inlet of a radial inflow turbine 337

9.6 Design of the Exit 346

10. Hydraulic Turbines 359

10.1 Hydroelectric Power Plants 359

10.2 Hydraulic turbines and their specific speed 361

10.3 Pelton wheel 363

10.4 Francis turbine 370

10.5 Kaplan turbine 377

10.6 Cavitation 380

11. Hydraulic Transmission of Power 385

11.1 Fluid couplings 385

11.2 Torque converters 391

12. Wind turbines 401

12.1 Horizontal–axis wind turbine 402

12.2 Momentum and blade element theory of wind turbines 403

12.3 Blade Forces 415

12.4 Turbomachinery and future prospects for energy 429

Appendix A. Streamline curvature and radial equilibrium 431

Appendix B. Thermodynamic Tables 437

References 449

Index 453 

Seppo A. Korpela has taught in the mechanical engineering department of The Ohio State University since 1972. Over the years he has been engaged in research in thermal sciences and engineering. This work has resulted in over fifty journal publications. He has also been engaged in research and writing on the world′s energy resources.