Illicit Drugs in the Environment: Occurrence, Analysis, and Fate using Mass Spectrometry

An insightful overview of mass spectrometry, a potent technologyfor analyzing levels of illicit drugs in wastewater and surfacewater

Illicit Drugs in the Environment explores theeffectiveness and promising potential of mass spectrometry as apowerful analytical tool for accurately measuring the residues andmetabolites of illicit drugs an emerging class ofenvironmental contaminant in wastewater and surface water. Anessential reference for inciting further scientific investigation,this book meticulously outlines not only the technological road mapof mass spectrometry, but also the significance of its dual dutiesas both a detection device for studying novel toxins infiltratingfragile aquatic ecosystems and a tracking beacon for estimatingcommunity–wide drug consumption through its ability to test sewagenetworks. Illicit Drugs in the Environment also:

Provides analytical techniques developed to detect illicit drugsin wastewater and surface water, with detailed description of theliquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and tandem massspectrometry methods

Explores why this new class of contaminants have become aproblem for the environment because of their ubiquitous presence inwastewater and surface water

Details how to estimate the levels of contaminants in theenvironment and discusses their behavior, fate, and their potentialtoxic effects

Illicit Drugs in the Environment takes a crucial firststep toward validating findings as part of the ongoing effort toreduce pharmaceutical hazards preying on the environment andendangering the health of society at large. Practitioners in a widerange of fields, from analytical chemists to forensic researchers,epidemiological researchers, and ecotoxicologists, will benefitgreatly from applying the principles discussed in this importantwork.

PREFACE.

CONTRIBUTORS.

I INTRODUCTION.

1 ILLICIT DRUGS AND THE ENVIRONMENT (Christian G.Daughton).

II THE PHYSIOLOGY OF ILLICIT DRUGS.

2 METABOLISM AND EXCRETION OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN HUMANS(Manuela Melis, Sara Castiglioni, and Ettore Zuccato).

III MASS SPECTROMETRY IN ILLICIT DRUGS DETECTION ANDMEASUREMENT CURRENT AND NOVEL ENVIRONMENTALAPPLICATIONS.

3 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR THE DETECTION OF ILLICIT DRUGS INWASTEWATERS AND SURFACE WATERS (Renzo Bagnati and EnricoDavoli).

4 WIDE–SCOPE SCREENING OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN URBAN WASTEWATER BYUHPLC–QTOF MS (Félix Hernádez, Juan V. Sancho, andLubertus Bijlsma).

5 DETERMINATION OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN THE WATER CYCLE BYLC ORBITRAP MS (Pim de Voogt, Erik Emke, Rick Helmus,Pavlos Panteliadis, and Jan A. van Leerdam).

IVA MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN THEENVIRONMENT: OCCURRENCE AND FATE IN WASTEWATER AND SURFACEWATER.

6 OCCURRENCE OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN WASTEWATER IN SPAIN(Cristina Postigo, Miren López de Alda, and DamiaBarcelò).

7 OCCURRENCE OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN WASTEWATER AND SURFACE WATER INITALY (Sara Castiglioni and Ettore Zuccato).

8 OCCURRENCE OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN SURFACE WATER AND WASTEWATER INTHE UK (Barbara Kasprzyk–Hordern).

9 ON THE FRONTIER: ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND THE OCCURRENCE OFILLICIT DRUGS INTO SURFACE WATERS IN THE UNITED STATES (TammyJones–Lepp, David Alvarez, and Bommanna Loganathan).

10 MONITORING NONPRESCRIPTION DRUGS IN SURFACE WATER IN NEBRASKA(USA) (Shannon Bartelt–Hunt, and Daniel D. Snow).

IVB MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN THEENVIRONMENT: ILLICIT DRUGS IN DRINKING WATER.

11 PRESENCE AND REMOVAL OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN CONVENTIONALDRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANTS (Maria Huerta–Fontela, MariaTeresa Galceran, and Francesc Ventura).

12 ANALYSIS OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN WATER USING DIRECT–INJECTIONLIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY–TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY (Rebecca A.Trenholm and Shane A. Snyder).

IVC MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN THEENVIRONMENT: PRESENCE IN AIR AND SUSPENDED PARTICULATEMATTER.

13 PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES IN URBAN AIRBORNE PARTICULATES(Angelo Cecinato and Catia Balducci).

V APPLICATIONS OF ILLICIT DRUG ANALYSIS IN THEENVIRONMENT.

14 ILLICIT DRUGS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: IMPLICATION FORECOTOXICOLOGY (Guido Domingo, Kristin Schirmer, MarcellaBracale, and Francesco Pomati).

15 DRUG ADDICTION POTENTIAL OF A NEW APPROACH TOMONITORING DRUG CONSUMPTION (Norbert Frost).

16 ASSESSING ILLICIT DRUG CONSUMPTION BY WASTEWATER ANALYSIS:HISTORY, POTENTIAL, AND LIMITATION OF A NOVEL APPROACH (EttoreZuccato and Sara Castiglioni).

17 COCAINE AND METABOLITES IN WASTEWATER AS A TOOL TO CALCULATELOCAL AND NATIONAL COCAINE CONSUMPTION PREVALENCE IN BELGIUM(Alexander L.N. van Nuijs, Lieven Bervoets, Philippe G. Jorens,Ronny Blust, Hugo Neels, and Adrian Covaci).

18 MEASUREMENT OF ILLICIT DRUG CONSUMPTION IN SMALL POPULATIONS:PROGNOSIS FOR NONINVASIVE DRUG TESTING OF STUDENT POPULATIONS(Deepika Panawennage, Sara Castiglioni, Ettore Zuccato, EnricoDavoli, and M. Paul Chiarelli).

VI CONCLUSIONS.

19 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES (RobertoFanelli).

INDEX.

SARA CASTIGLIONI obtained her PhD from the Mario NegriInstitute for Pharmacological Research in Milan, Italy, for herwork on a project entitled "Occurrence, behaviour and effects ofpharmaceuticals for human and veterinary use in aquaticecosystems." She is author of twenty publications that deal withdrugs in the environment.

ETTORE ZUCCATO obtained his postdoctoral degree in humannutrition in 1999 from Milan Medical School and, in 2005, becameHead of the Laboratory of Food Toxicology. His current researchareas include food safety, the study of dietary chemicalcontaminants, and other emerging issues in food toxicology.

Dr. ROBERTO FANELLI serves as Head of theEnvironmental Health Sciences Department at the Mario NegriInstitute for Pharmacological Research, where he employs analyticalmethods based on mass spectrometry to identify and measurebiomarkers in toxicology and environmental pollutants, includingtherapeutic and illicit drugs.

"It provides analytical techniques, explains why illicit drugs – anew class of contaminants – have become an environmental issue, andoffers instruction in how to estimate the amount of contaminants inthe environment and addresses their behavior and potential toxiceffects." (Book News, 1 August 2011)