Water and Sanitation–Related Diseases and the Environment: Challenges, Interventions, and Preventive Measures

The single authoritative resource on the causes of and successful interventions for water and sanitation–related diseases
This book presents the most complete treatment possible of the conditions responsible for water and sanitation–related diseases, the pathogens involved and their biology, the morbidity and mortality resulting from lack of safe water and sanitation, the distribution of these diseases, and the conditions that must be met to reduce or eradicate them. Written by experts from the fields of public health, medicine, epidemiology, environmental health, climate change, environmental engineering, and population research, this authoritative volume provides a thorough understanding of the interconnection among many factors linked to water–related diseases, sanitation, and hygiene.
Divided into eight comprehensive sections that address the concerns from an international perspective, this volume covers:
The significance of the close relationships between water access and quality, lack of adequate sanitation and hygiene, and the relationship of human activity to the diseases
Means of accessing clean water and preventing contamination of water
The range of sanitation and hygiene measures available to reduce disease
The broad extent, variety, and ramifications of environmental factors
Ameliorating conditions and preventive measures to reduce pollutants found in ground and surface waters
The adverse health impacts of water pollution, dam construction, irrigation development, and flood control
Preventive measures and innovative, successful solutions are presented throughout, as well as featured in more detail in a special section at the end of the book. This section highlights examples from a diversity of locations in both developed and developing countries, focusing on what has been achieved in the control of water–related diseases—and what can be accomplished if the multi–factorial approach in this book is followed. The accompanying DVD, as well as a companion website, includes this vital information in the form of case studies and articles, providing guidance for possible action on local and national as well as international levels.
This timely text is an essential resource for all graduate students and postdoctoral scholars as well as for professionals in infectious diseases, public health and medicine, chemical and environmental engineering, international affairs, disease prevention, and public policy.

Spis treści:
PREFACE ix
CONTRIBUTORS xi
INTRODUCTION xv
Janine M. H. Selendy and Jens Aargaard–Hansen
SECTION I DEFINING THE PROBLEM 1
1 Tackling the Water Crisis: A Continuing Need to Address Spatial and Social Equity 3
Jay Graham
2 Sanitation and Hygiene: Taking Stock After Three Decades 17
Jay Graham
3 Water and Health: The Demographic Background 29
Robert Wyman
4 Water and War: Averting Armed Conflict and Protecting Human Rights 41
Barry S. Levy and Victor W. Sidel
SECTION II WATER AND SANITATION–RELATED DISEASES 45
5 Infectious Diarrhea 47
Sean Fitzwater, Aruna Chandran, Margaret Kosek, and Mathuram Santosham
6 Malnutrition and Undernutrition 71
Jeffrey K. Griffiths
7 Soil–Transmitted Helminths: Ascaris, Trichuris, and Hookworm Infections 81
Brian G. Blackburn and Michele Barry
8 Toxic Cyanobacteria 95
Ian Stewart, Wayne W. Carmichael, and Lorraine C. Backer
9 Dengue: A Water–Borne Disease 111
Scott B. Halstead
10 Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease): Case Study of the Effort to Eradicate Guinea Worm 125
Donald R. Hopkins and Ernesto Ruiz–Tiben
11 Onchocerciasis 133
Adrian Hopkins and Boakye A. Boatin
12 Reassessing Multiple–Intervention Malaria Control Programs of the Past: L essons for the Design of Contemporary Interventions 151
Burton H. Singer and Marcia C. Castro
13 Schistosomiasis 167
Pascal Magnussen, Birgitte Jyding Vennervald, and Jens Aagaard–Hansen
14 Trachoma 175
Joseph A. Cook and Silvio P. Mariotti
15 Shigellosis 187
Michael L. Bennish and M. John Albert
16 The Zimbabwe Cholera Epidemic of 2008–2009 205
Edward Dodge
17 Infectious Disease Control in Ghana: Government’s Interventions and Challenges to Malaria Eradication 211
Julius N. Fobil, Juergen May, and Alexander Kraemer
SECTION III WATER RESOURCES 217
18 Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage in Low–Income Countries 219
Thomas F. Clasen
19 Informal Small–Scale Water Services in Developing Countries: The Business of Water for Those without Formal Municipal Connections 231
Laura Sima and Menachem Elimelech
SECTION IV SANITATION AND HYGIENE 241
20 The Sanitation Challenge in India 243
Bindeshwar Pathak
21 Successful Sanitation Projects in Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore 251
Jay P. Graham
22 Household–Centered Environmental Sanitation Systems 257
Bindeshwar Pathak
SECTION V ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF WATER POLLUTION 269
23 Naturally Occurring Water Pollutants 271
Lorraine C. Backer, Jonathan K. Kish, Helena M. Solo–Gabriele, and Lora E. Fleming
24 Anthropogenic Sources of Water Pollution: Parts 1 and 2 289
Kerry L. Shannon, Robert S. Lawrence, and M. Danielle McDonald
25 The Hudson River: A Case Study of PCB Contamination 303
David O. Carpenter and Gretchen Welfinger–Smith
26 Other Water Pollutants: Antibiotic–Resistant Bacteria 329
Amy R. Sapkota
SECTION VI CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS IN PREVENTING WATER POLLUTION 337
27 Controlling Water Pollutants 339
Jeffery A. Foran
28 Global Substitution of Mercury–Based Medical Devices in the Health Sector 351
Joshua Karliner and Peter Orris
29 Addressing Sources of PCBs and Other Chemical Pollutants in Water 359
Gretchen Welfinger–Smith and David O. Carpenter
30 Additional Measures to Prevent, Ameliorate, and Reduce Water Pollution and Related Water Diseases: Global Water Governance 385
Nikhil Chandavarkar
SECTION VII EMERGING ISSUES IN ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT, AND DISEASE 389
31 Changing Geographic Distribution of Disease Vectors 391
Mary E. Wilson
32 Malaria in the Brazilian Amazon 401
Marcia C. Castro and Burton H. Singer
33 Ecosystem Services, Water Resource Development, and Human Infectious Disease 421
Uriel N. Safriel
34 Ocean Pollution: Health and Environmental Impacts of Brominated Flame Retardants 439
Susan D. Shaw and Kurunthachalam Kannan
SECTION VIII CONCLUSION 461
35 Assessment of Progress in Meeting the UN Millennium Development Goals 463
Gretchen Loeffler Peltier, Unni Krishnan Karunakara, and Anson Elisabeth Wright
36 Extending the Right to Health Care and Improving Child Survival in Mexico 475
Julio Frenk and Octavio Gomez–Dantes
37 Using Kinship Structures in Health Programming—An Example of Preventive Measures and Successful Interventions 481
Moses N. Katabarwa
INDEX 485

Okładka tylna:
The single authoritative resource on the causes of and successful interventions for water and sanitation–related diseases
This book presents the most complete treatment possible of the conditions responsible for water and sanitation–related diseases, the pathogens involved and their biology, the morbidity and mortality resulting from lack of safe water and sanitation, the distribution of these diseases, and the conditions that must be met to reduce or eradicate them. Written by expe rts from the fields of public health, medicine, epidemiology, environmental health, climate change, environmental engineering, and population research, this authoritative volume provides a thorough understanding of the interconnection among many factors linked to water–related diseases, sanitation, and hygiene.
Divided into eight comprehensive sections that address the concerns from an international perspective, this volume covers:
The significance of the close relationships between water access and quality, lack of adequate sanitation and hygiene, and the relationship of human activity to the diseases
Means of accessing clean water and preventing contamination of water
The range of sanitation and hygiene measures available to reduce disease
The broad extent, variety, and ramifications of environmental factors
Ameliorating conditions and preventive measures to reduce pollutants found in ground and surface waters
The adverse health impacts of water pollution, dam construction, irrigation development, and flood control
Preventive measures and innovative, successful solutions are presented throughout, as well as featured in more detail in a special section at the end of the book. This section highlights examples from a diversity of locations in both developed and developing countries, focusing on what has been achieved in the control of water–related diseases—and what can be accomplished if the multi–factorial approach in this book is followed. The accompanying DVD, as well as a companion website, includes this vital information in the form of case studies and articles, providing guidance for possible action on local and national as well as international levels.
This timely text is an essential resource for all graduate students and postdoctoral scholars as well as for professionals in infectious diseases, public health and medicine, chemical and environmental engineering, internationa l affairs, disease prevention, and public policy.