Handbook of Alcoholic Beverages: Technical, Analytical and Nutritional Aspects 2 Volume Set

A comprehensive two– volume set that describes the science and technology involved in the production and analysis of alcoholic beverages
At the heart of all alcoholic beverages is the process of fermentation, particularly alcoholic fermentation, whereby sugars are converted to ethanol and many other minor products. The Handbook of Alcoholic Beverages tracks the major fermentation process, and the major chemical, physical and technical processes that accompany the production of the world’s most familiar alcoholic drinks. Indigenous beverages and small–scale production are alsocovered to asignificant extent.
The overall approach is multidisciplinary, reflecting the true nature of the subject. Thus, aspects of biochemistry, biology (including microbiology), chemistry, health science, nutrition, physics and technology are all necessarily involved, but the emphasis is on chemistry in many areas of the book. Emphasis is also on more recent developments and innovations, but there is sufficient background for less experienced readers. The approach is unified, in that although different beverages are dealt with in different chapters, there is extensive cross–referencing and comparison between the subjects of each chapter.
Divided into five parts, this comprehensive two–volume work presents:INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND AND HISTORY: A simple introduction to the history and development of alcohol and some recent trends and developments,
FERMENTED BEVERAGES: BEERS, CIDERS, WINES AND RELATED DRINKS: the latest innovations and aspects of the different fermentation processes used in beer, wine, cider, liquer wines, fruit wines, low–alcohol and related beverages.SPIRITS: cover distillation methods and stills used in the production of whisky, cereal– and cane–based spirits, brandy, fruit spirits and liquersANALYTICAL METHODS: covering the monitoring of pr ocesses in the production of alcoholic beverages, as well as sample preparation, chromatographic, spectroscopic, electrochemical, physical, sensory and organoleptic methods of analysis.
NUTRITION AND HEALTH ASPECTS RELATING TO ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES: includes a discussion on nutritional aspects, both macro– and micro–nutrients, of alcoholic beverages, their ingestion, absorption and catabolism, the health consequences of alcohol, and details of the additives and residues within the various beverages and their raw materials.Appropriate for food professionals working in the development and manufacture of alcohol–based drinks, as well as academic and industrial researchers involved in the development of testing methods for the analysis and regulation of alcohol in the drinks industry.

Spis treści:
List of Contributors.
General Acknowledgments and Thanks.
VOLUME 1.
1 INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND AND HISTORY (John A. Hudson and Alan J. Buglass).
1.1 Alcoholic Beverages of theWorld: An Introduction to the Contents of This Book.
1.2 History and Development of Alcoholic Beverages.
1.2.1 The Beginnings (From the earliest Times to ca. 1100 AD).
1.2.2 Medieval Times and Beyond (ca. 1100–1750).
1.2.3 The Industrial Revolution and the Influences of Science and Technology (ca. 1750–1900).
1.2.4 Modern Times and Newer Processes (ca. 1900–Present Day).
1.2.5 The Development of Analytical Methods.
References.
1.3 Some Recent Trends and Developments.
1.3.1 Overview.
1.3.2 Big is Beautiful: Multinational Companies and the Globalization of Alcoholic Beverages.
1.3.3 Small is Beautiful: The Growth in Microbreweries and Craft Breweries and the localization of Products.
1.3.4 Revival of Traditional Beer Styles.
1.3.5 Changes in Beer Drinking Habits.
1.3.6 Global Growth in Wine Drinking.
1.3.7 Development of New Wine Industries.
1.3.8 Revival of Cider and Perry: the Magic of Ice.
1.3.9 The Rise of Flavored Alcoholic Beverages (‘Alcopops’).
1.3.10 Calorie–Counting and Health Perception of Alcoholic Drinks.
1.3.11 Binge Drinking.
1.3.12 Organic and Biodynamic Production of Alcoholic Beverages.
1.3.13 Use of Genetically Modified (GM) Crops and Microorganisms.
References.
2 FERMENTED BEVERAGES: BEERS, CIDERS, WINES AND RELATED DRINKS (Marianne McKay, Alan J. Buglass and Chang Gook Lee).
2.1 Introduction: Overview of Fermentation and Microorganisms.
2.1.1 Yeasts.
2.1.2 Lactic Acid Bacteria.
2.1.3 Molds and Spoilage Organisms.
References.
2.2 Alcoholic Fermentation.
2.2.1 Introduction.
2.2.2 Physiology and Morphology of Yeast.
2.2.3 Nutritional Requirements of Yeast.
2.2.4 The Use of Naturally Occurring (‘Wild’) Yeasts in Fermentations.
2.2.5 The Killer Factor.
2.2.6 The Use of Selected (Cultured) Yeast Strains.
2.2.7 Fermentation Vessels.
2.2.8 The Growth of a Yeast Population.
2.2.9 An Overview of Alcoholic Fermentation.
2.2.10 Flocculation.
2.2.11 Aroma Compounds and Fermentation.
References.
2.3 Malolactic Fermentation.
2.3.1 Introduction.
2.3.2 Malolactic Bacteria: Morphology and Physiology.
2.3.3 Identification of Malolactic Bacteria.
2.3.4 Factors Affecting the Growth of Malolactic Bacteria.
2.3.5 Interactions Between Bacteria and Other Organisms.
2.3.6 Spontaneous Malolactic Fermentation.
2.3.7 Inoculation with MLB Starter Culture.
2.3.8 The Growth of Bacterial Populations.
2.3.9 The Malolactic Fermentation Process.
2.3.10 Production of Diacetyl.
2.3.11 Microbial Stability.
2.3.12 Monitoring Malolactic Fermentation.
2.3.13 Finishing and/or Preventing Malolactic Fermentation.
2.3.14 Production of Biogenic Amines by Malolactic Bacteria.
2.3 .15 Other Effects of MLF.
2.3.16 Malolactic Fermentation and Aroma.
2.3.17 Lactic Spoilage.
References.
2.4 Acetic and Other Fermentations.
2.4.1 Introduction.
2.4.2 Acetic Acid Bacteria.
2.4.3 Lactic Acid Bacteria.
2.4.4 The Activities of Yeasts other than Saccharomyces.
2.4.5 Film Forming Yeasts.
2.4.6 Molds.
2.4.7 Prevention of Spoilage.
References.
2.5 Preservatives Used in the Production of Alcoholic Beverages.
2.5.1 Introduction.
2.5.2 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2).
2.5.3 The Roles of SO2.
2.5.4 Sorbic Acid.
2.5.5 DMDC (Velcorin).
2.5.6 Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C).
2.5.7 Pimaricin (Natamycin).
2.5.8 Other Preservatives.
References.
2.6 Beer.
2.6.1 The Basic Brewing Processes.
2.6.2 Malting and Mashing.
2.6.3 Boiling the Wort.
2.6.4 Fermentation.
2.6.5 Top Fermentation.
2.6.6 Bottom Fermentation.
2.6.7 Other Fermentations.
2.6.8 Modern Methods of Fermentation.
2.6.9 Beer Treatment: Fining, Filtration and Pasteurization.
2.6.10 Packaging of Beer: Casking, Kegging, Bottling and Canning.
2.6.11 Dispensing of Draught Beers.
2.6.12 Oxidation and the Staling of Beer.
2.6.13 Beer styles.
References.
2.7 Cereal–based and Other Fermented Drinks of Asia, Africa and Central/South America.
2.7.1 The Rice ‘Wines’ of Asia.
2.7.2 Native Fermented Drinks of Africa and South America.
References.
2.8 Cider and Perry.
2.8.1 Introduction.
2.8.2 The Basic Ingredients.
2.8.3 Harvesting, Crushing and Pressing.
2.8.4 Fermentation and Maturation.
2.8.5 Traditional and Small–Scale Cider and Perry Production: Fermentation and Beyond.
2.8.6 Large–Scale (Factory) Production of Cider and Perry: Fermentation and Beyond.
2.8.7 Newer Techniques, Recent Developments and Innovations.
2.8.8 Cider and Perry from Around the World.
References.
2.9 Wine.
2.9.1 White Winemaking.
2. 9.2 Red Wine Production.
2.9.3 Sparkling Wines.
2.9.4 Fining, Filtration and Clarification.
2.9.5 Wine Maturation and Ageing.
2.9.6 Some Current Trends in Wine Production.
References.
2.10 Fortified Wines and Liqueur Wines.
2.10.1 Overview and Scope.
2.10.2 Sherry and Other Flor Wines.
2.10.3 Flor and Oxidation in Sherry Wines.
2.10.4 Other Flor Wines.
2.10.5 Madeira.
2.10.6 Estufagem and Cask Maturation of Madeira Wine.
2.10.7 Port.
2.10.8 Marsala and M´alaga.
2.10.9 Vins Doux Naturels, Liqueur Muscat and Similar Wines.
2.10.10 Vins de Liqueurs and Similar Beverages.
References.
2.11 Fruit Wines and Other Nongrape Wines.
2.11.1 Overview and Scope.
2.11.2 Comparison of Fruit for Winemaking.
2.11.3 Making Fruit Wines.
2.11.4 Country Wine Styles.
2.11.5 Mead.
References.
2.12 Aromatized Wines.
2.12.1 Introduction and Brief History of Aromatization of Wine.
2.12.2 Vermouth.
2.12.3 Other Aromatized Wines and Apéritifs.
References.
2.13 Low Alcohol and Non–Alcoholic Beers, Ciders and Wines.
2.13.1 Overview.
2.13.2 Production of Low Alcohol Beverages by Limited or Checked Alcohol Methods.
2.13.3 Dealcoholization Methods.
References.
3 DISTILLED SPIRITS (Alan J. Buglass, Marianne McKay and Chang Gook Lee).
3.1 Introduction: Distillation Methods and Stills.
3.1.1 A Brief History and Theory of Distillation.
3.1.2 Batch Distillation.
3.1.3 Continuous Column Distillation.
References.
3.2 Scotch Whisky.
3.2.1 Introduction and Brief History.
3.2.2 The Raw Materials.
3.2.3 Malting, Mashing, Cooking and Fermentation.
3.2.4 Distillation.
3.2.5 Maturation, Blending and Other Postdistillation Processes.
3.2.6 The Flavor and Styles of Scotch Malt Whiskies.
References.
3.3 Whiskeys.
3.3.1 Scope.
3.3.2 Irish Whiskey.
3.3.3 The Whiskeys of America.
3.3. 4 Bourbon and Tennessee Whiskey.
3.3.5 American Rye and Corn Whiskies.
3.3.6 Whiskies from Other Countries.
References.
3.4 Other Cereal Based Spirits.
3.4.1 Introduction and Scope.
3.4.2 Gin and Similar Juniper Flavored Spirits.
3.4.3 Akvavit (Aquavit) and Vodka.
3.4.4 Asian Grain Spirits.
References.
3.5 Cane Spirits, Vegetable Based Spirits and Aniseed Flavored Spirits.
3.5.1 Overview and Scope.
3.5.2 History and Basic Description of Rum and Cachaça.
3.5.3 Fermentation and Distillation Practices in the Production of Cachaça and Rum.
3.5.4 Flavor Characteristics of Rum and Cachaça.
3.5.5 Arrack, Mezcal and Tequila.
3.5.6 Aniseed Flavored Spirits.
References.
3.6 Brandy.
3.6.1 Introduction and Brief History.
3.6.2 Cognac.
3.6.3 Armagnac.
3.6.4 Other Brandies.
3.6.5 Quality Control in Brandy Production.
3.6.6 Evaluating Brandy.
References.
3.7 Grape and Other Pomace Spirits.
3.7.1 Introduction.
3.7.2 Production of Pomace Spirits.
3.7.3 Types of Pomace Spirits and Sensory Characteristics.
References.
3.8 Fruit Spirits.
3.8.1 Introduction.
3.8.2 Apple and Pear Spirits.
3.8.3 Fruit Spirits of Central Europe.
3.8.4 Plum Spirits of Eastern Europe.
3.8.5 Other Fruit Spirits.
References.
3.9 Liqueurs and Their Flavorings.
3.9.1 Introduction and Scope.
3.9.2 Fruit and Fruit Flavored Liqueurs.
3.9.3 Flower, Herb, Spice and Bitter Liqueurs.
3.9.4 Cocoa, Coffee and Tea Liqueurs.
3.9.5 Nut and Emulsion Liqueurs.
3.9.6 Production and Use of Essences and Concentrates.
References.
VOLUME 2.
4 ANALYTICAL METHODS (Alan J. Buglass and Darren J. Caven–Quantrill).
4.1 Introduction.
4.1.1 Why Analyze Alcoholic Beverages? An Overview of the Need for Analysis.
4.1.2 Process Monitoring.
4.1.3 Identification of Origin, Determination of Authenticity a nd Detection of Fraud.
4.1.4 Determination and Characterization of Beverage Components and Processes.
4.1.5 Development of New Analytical Methods.
References.
4.2 Extraction and Focusing Methods in Sample Preparation.
4.2.1 Overview.
4.2.2 Liquid Extraction Techniques.
4.2.3 Distillation Methods.
4.2.4 Solid Phase Extraction and Related Methods (Sorption Techniques).
4.2.5 Headspace Methods.
4.2.6 Combinations of Methods (With Particular Application to Enological Products).
4.2.7 Summary.
References.
4.3 Chromatographic Methods.
4.3.1 Thin Layer Chromatography and Related Methods.
4.3.2 Capillary Gas Chromatography.
4.3.3 Liquid Chromatography.
4.3.4 Counter Current Chromatographic Methods.
References.
4.4 Spectroscopic Methods.
4.4.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance .
4.4.2 Infrared Spectroscopy.
4.4.3 Colorimetry, UV–Visible Spectroscopy and Fluorometry.
4.4.4 Atomic Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy.
4.4.5 Mass Spectrometry.
References.
4.5 Electrochemical Methods.
4.5.1 Potentiometric Methods.
4.5.2 Voltammetric Methods.
4.5.3 Electrochemical Sensors.
References.
4.6 Other Methods.
4.6.1 Electrophoretic Techniques.
4.6.2 Flow Injection Techniques.
4.6.3 Chemical and Physical Methods.
References.
4.7 Sensory Analysis.
4.7.1 Introduction.
4.7.2 Olfaction and Taste.
4.7.3 Odor Theshold, Odor Activity and Low Impact Odorants.
4.7.4 Sensory Tests.
References.
5 NUTRITIONAL AND HEALTH ASPECTS (Nigel J. Fuller, Suk Hean Lee and Alan J. Buglass).
5.1 General Introduction.
5.1.1 ‘Alcohol’ in Perspective.
5.1.2 The Extent and General Implications of Alcoholic Beverage Consumption.
5.1.3 Ingredients, Processing and the Nutrient Content of Alcoholic Beverages.
5.1.4 Nutritional Considerations.
5.1.5 Summary.
References.
5.2 Factors Influencing th e Nutrient Content of Alcoholic Beverages.
5.2.1 Wines.
5.2.2 Beers.
5.2.3 Cider and Perry.
5.2.4 Distilled Beverages.
5.2.5 Fortified wines.
5.2.6 Alcopops.
5.2.7 Cocktails.
References.
5.3 Macronutrient Content of Alcoholic Beverages.
5.3.1 Water.
5.3.2 Alcohol.
5.3.3 Carbohydrates (Including Fiber).
5.3.4 Nitrogenous Compounds: Proteins, Peptides, Amino Acids, Amines and Nucleotides.
5.3.5 Lipids.
References.
5.4 Micronutrient Content of Alcoholic Beverages.
5.4.1 Vitamins.
5.4.2 Electrolytes and Functional Elements (Minerals and Trace Elements).
5.4.3 Phytochemicals.
References.
5.5 Alcohol Ingestion, Absorption and Catabolism: Metabolic and Nutritional Consequences.
5.5.1 Alcohol Catabolism.
5.5.2 Methanol Catabolism.
5.5.3 Effects of Alcohol on Intake of Foods and Energy.
5.5.4 Consequences for Intermediary Metabolism of Alcohol Catabolism.
5.5.5 Effects of Alcohol and its Metabolites on Absorption, Metabolism and Utilization of Key Nutrients.
References.
5.6 Health Consequences of Alcohol Intake.
5.6.1 Overview: Alcoholic Beverages and Society.
5.6.2 Harmful Effects of Excessive Alcohol Intake.
5.6.3 Possible Benefits of Low to Moderate Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages.
5.6.4 Conclusion.
References.
5.7 Carbohydrates in Alcoholic Beverages and Health.
5.7.1 Metabolizable Carbohydrate.
5.7.2 Low Carbohydrate Beers.
5.7.3 High Carbohydrate Beers.
5.7.4 Nonmetabolizable Carbohydrate.
References.
5.8 Antioxidant Value of Alcoholic Beverages.
5.8.1 Overview.
5.8.2 Summary of Aerobic Cell Metabolic Processes.
5.8.3 Short Review of Oxygen in Cell Metabolic Processes.
5.8.4 Incomplete Reduction of Oxygen, the Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cell Damage.
5.8.5 Natural Antioxidants in Food.
5.8.6 Phenolic Substances in Alcoholic Beverages.
5.8.7 Some Chemical Characteristic