Principles and Practice of Skin Toxicology

Written by experts in the field, Principles and Practice of Skin Toxicology provides a “bottom up” approach to studying skin toxicology. It provides a clear outline of basic concepts, citing both historical and modern references, and contains a glossary of key terms for quick and easy reference. 
Arranged in a user friendly and logical sequence, the book covers the five main areas of dermatotoxicology:
Principles of skin absorption. Explains the factors influencing dermal absorption and associated methods of measurement.Methods for assessing skin toxicity. An overview of both in vivo and in vitro approaches to testing, with particular emphasis on the validation and use of alternative test strategies.Clinical and occupational skin toxicity. A basic introduction to dermatology and related applications central to understanding dermal exposure to chemicals.Regulatory aspects.  An overview of national and international legislation governing the safe marketing of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and industrial chemicals.
This book will be especially useful to scientists who are new to the area of dermal toxicology, as well as practitioners of toxicology, clinical researchers, and researchers in industry and academia.

Spis treści:
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of contributors
PART I Introduction
1 Cutaneous anatomy and function
Robert P. Chilcott
1.1 Introduction and scope
1.2 Surface features
1.3 Functional histology of the epidermis and associated structures
1.4 Species differences
Summary
References
2 Biochemistry of the skin
Simon C. Wilkinson
2.1 Introduction and scope
2.2 Protein synthesis and organisation during epidermal differentiation
2.3 Lipid synthesis and organisation during epiderm al differentiation
2.4 Lipid classes in the stratum corneum
2.5 Stratum corneum turnover
2.6 Biotransformations in skin
Summary
References
3 Skin photobiology
Mark A. Birch–Machin and Simon C. Wilkinson
3.1 Introduction and scope
3.2 Photoprotection and melanogenesis
3.3 Increased environmental ultraviolet radiation exposure and its link with photoageing and skin cancer
3.4 Mitochondrial DNA as a biomarker of sun exposure in human skin
3.5 Apoptosis
3.6 Sun protection
Summary
References
PART II Skin Absorption
4 Skin as a route of entry
Simon C. Wilkinson
4.1 Salient anatomical features of the stratum corneum – the ‘brick and mortar model’
4.2 Species and regional variation in skin structure
4.3 Species and regional variation in skin permeability
4.4 Intra– and inter–individual variation in percutaneous absorption
4.5 Effect of age on skin barrier function
4.6 Role of skin appendages
4.7 The in vitro skin sandwich model
4.8 Penetration of particles through appendages
Summary
References
5 Physicochemical Factors Affecting Skin Absorption
Keith R. Brain and Robert P. Chilcott
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Physicochemical properties
5.3 Exposure considerations
Summary
References
 
6 Principles of Diffusion and Thermodynamics
W. John Pugh and Robert P. Chilcott
6.1 Introduction and scope
6.2 Some definitions pertaining to skin absorption kinetics 
6.3 Basic concepts of diffusion
6.4 Fick’s Laws of diffusion
6.5 Thermodynamic activity
6.6 Skin absorption of a substance from two different vehicles
6.7 Partitioning
6.8 Diffusivity
6.9 Skin absorption data and risk assessments
Summary
References
7 In vivo measurements of skin absorption
James C. Wakefield and Robert P. Chilcott
7.1 Introduction and scope
7.2 Why conduct in vivo studies?
7.3 Ethics and legislation
7.4 Standard methodology: OECD Guideline 427
7.5 Alternative in vivo methods
Summary
References
8 In vitro percutaneous absorption measurements
Ruth U. Pendlington
8.1 Introduction and scope
8.2 Regulatory guidelines
8.3 Why assess percutaneous absorption in vitro?
8.4 Basic principle of in vitro percutaneous absorption measurements
8.5 Choice of diffusion cell
8.6 Skin membrane considerations
8.7 Integrity measurements
8.8 Choice of receptor fluid and sampling considerations
8.9 Test material considerations
8.10 Application of test preparation to the skin
8.11 Examples of results from in vitro skin absorption studies
8.12 What is considered to be absorbed?
8.13 Micro–autoradiography
Summary
References 
 
PART III Toxicological Assessment
9 Skin immunology and sensitisation
David A. Basketter
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Definitions
9.3 Skin sensitisation
9.4 Identification of skin sensitisers
9.5 Risk assessment
9.6 Other types of allergic skin reaction
9.7 Future prospects
Summary
References
10 In vitro phototoxicity assays
Penny Jones
10.1 Introduction and scope 
10.2 In vitro strategies for phototoxicity testing
10.3 The UV/visible absorption spectrum as a pre–screen for phototoxicity
10.4 In vitro assays for phototoxicity using monolayer cultures
10.5 In vitro assays for photoallergenicity
10.6 In vitro assays for phototoxicity using human 3–D skin models 
Summary
References
11 In vitro alternatives for irritation and corrosion assessment
Penny Jones
11.1 Introduction and scope
11.2 Acute dermal irritation/co rrosion
11.3 Validation/regulatory status of in vitro assays for skin corrosion 
11.4 In vitro tests for skin corrosion
11.5 Validation/regulatory status of in vitro assays for skin irritation
11.6 In vitro tests for skin irritation
Summary
References
12 Instruments for measuring skin toxicity 
Helen Taylor
12.1 Introduction and scope
12.2 Skin surface pH
12.3 Biomechanical properties
12.4 Sebum
12.5 Skin surface contours
12.6 Thickness
12.7 Desquamation
12.8 Applications and measurement of transepidermal water loss
12.9 Guidance for TEWL measurements 
12.10 Hydration measurement
12.11 Guidance for hydration measurements
12.12 Relationship between hydration and dermal toxicity
12.13 Colour measurement
12.14 Measurement of vascular perfusion
12.15 A final word of caution
Summary
References
PART IV Clinical Aspects 
13 Introduction to dermatology
Manjunatha Kalavala and Alex Anstey
13.1 Introduction and scope
13.2 Clinical assessment of patient with skin disease
13.3 Cutaneous manifestations of disease following exposure to chemicals and pharmaceutical formulations
13.4 Overview of standard treatments
Summary
14 Clinical aspects of phototoxicity
Anthony D. Pearse and Alex Anstey
14.1 Introduction and scope 
14.2 UV–induced skin reactions
14.3 Phototoxicity (photoirritancy) reactions
14.4 Photosensitive reactions
Summary
References
15 Occupational skin diseases
Jon Spiro
15.1 Introduction and scope
15.2 Dermatitis 
15.3 Development of occupational dermatitis 
15.4 Patterns of occupational dermatitis 
15.5 Incidence of occupational dermatitis
15.6 Effects of dermatitis on work
15.7 The outlook in occupational dermatitis
15.8 Identification of occupational dermatitis
15.9 Other occu