Acid Mine Drainage, Rock Drainage, and Acid Sulfate Soils: Causes, Assessment, Prediction, Prevention, and Remediation

Provides the tools needed to analyze and solve acid drainage problems Featuring contributions from leading experts in science and engineering, this book explores the complex biogeochemistry of acid mine drainage, rock drainage, and acid sulfate soils. It describes how to predict, prevent, and remediate the environmental impact of acid drainage and the oxidation of sulfides, offering the latest sampling and analytical methods. Moreover, readers will discover new approaches for recovering valuable resources from acid mine drainage, including bioleaching. Acid Mine Drainage, Rock Drainage, and Acid Sulfate Soils reviews the most current findings in the field, offering new insights into the underlying causes as well as new tools to minimize the harm of acid drainage: Part I: Causes of Acid Mine Drainage, Rock Drainage and Sulfate Soils focuses on the biogeochemistry of acid drainage in different environments. Part II: Assessment of Acid Mine Drainage, Rock Drainage and Sulfate Soils covers stream characterization, aquatic and biological sampling, evaluation of aquatic resources, and some unusual aspects of sulfide oxidation. Part III: Prediction and Prevention of Acid Drainage discusses acid–base accounting, kinetic testing, block modeling, petrology, and mineralogy studies. It also explains relevant policy and regulations. Part IV: Remediation of Acid Drainage, Rock Drainage and Sulfate Soils examines both passive and active cleanup methods to remediate acid drainage. Case studies from a variety of geologic settings highlight various approaches to analyzing and solving acid drainage problems. Replete with helpful appendices and an extensive list of web resources, Acid Mine Drainage, Rock Drainage, and Acid Sulfate Soils is recommended for mining engineers and scientists, regulatory officials, environmental scientists, land developers, and students.

PART I. CAUSES OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE, ROCK DRAINAGE AND SULFATE SOILS 1.1 Acid Drainage and Sulfide Oxidation: An Introduction James A. Jacobs and Stephen M. Testa 1.2 Vitriols in Antiquity Stephen M. Testa 1.3 Biogeochemistry of Acid Drainage James A. Jacobs and David Vance 1.4 Trace Element Geochemistry and Acid Rock Drainage Bruce W. Downing and John Gravel 1.5 The Microbiology of Acid Drainage Bruce W. Downing 1.6 Natural Acid Rock Generation, Drainage and Metal Leaching: Impact on Exploration, Mining and Reclamation Bruce W. Downing 1.7 The Sulfur Cycle, Acid Drainage and Beyond David Vance PART II. ASSESSMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE, ROCK DRAINAGE AND SULFATE SOILS 2.1 Sampling Strategies for Acid Drainage Studies James A. Jacobs 2.2 Stream Characterization for Acid Mine Drainage Jeff Skousen and James A. Jacobs 2.3 Overview of Soil and Groundwater Sampling Methods for Acid Drainage Studies James A. Jacobs 2.4 Acid Drainage Sampling Design and Sample Preparation Bruce W. Downing 2.5 Acid Drainage and Aquatic Resources Dennis Neuman, Stuart R. Jennings and James A. Jacobs 2.6 Metals Associated with Acid Rock Drainage and Their Effect on Fish Health and Ecosystems Dennis Neuman, Peter J. Brown, and Stuart R. Jennings 2.7 Biological Sampling and Inventory Process Jeff Skousen, Craig Mains and James A. Jacobs 2.8 Climate Change, Permafrost, Glaciers and Acid Drainage Bruce W. Downing and James A. Jacobs 2.9 Acid Sulfate Soils James A. Jacobs 2.10 Prevention of Arsenic Mobilization related to Sulfide Oxidation in Aquifers Mark S. Pearce, Mike Waldron, and James A. Jacobs PART III. PREDICTION AND PREVENTION OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE, ROCK DRAINAGE AND SULFATE SOILS 3.1 Overview of Acid Drainage Prediction and Prevention Stuart R. Jennings and James Jacobs 3.2 Acid Base Accounting Associated with Acid Rock Drainage Bruce W. Downing 3.3 Acid Base Accounting Test Procedures Bruce W. Downing 3.4. Kinetic Testing Procedures Bruce W. Downing 3.5 Kinetic Testing Data Interpretation Bruce W. Downing 3.6 Block Modeling and Acid Rock Drainage Prediction Bruce W Downing and Gary Giroux 3.7 Lithogeochemical Methods for Acid Rock Drainage Prediction Bruce W. Downing and Hans E. Madeisky 3.8  Predicting Acid Rock Drainage based on Mineralogy and Petrology Studies Shannon Shaw and Bruce W. Downing 3.9 Management and Analysis of Acid Drainage Data Bruce W. Downing 3.10 Acid Generation and Drainage Workshop Jeff Skousen, Paul Ziemkiewicz and James A. Jacobs 3.11 Mine Reclamation Policy and Regulations of Selected Jurisdictions James A. Jacobs and Stephen M. Testa PART IV. REMEDIATION OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE, ROCK DRAINAGE AND SULFATE SOILS 4.1 Overview Of Acid Mine Drainage Treatment With Chemicals Jeff Skousen 4.2 Passive Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage Carl Zipper and Jeff Skousen 4.3 The Iron Mountain Mine in Shasta County, California James A. Jacobs and Stephen M. Testa 4.4  Overview of Resources from Acid Drainage and Post–Mining Opportunities James A. Jacobs 4.5 Systematic Land Reclamation Assessment at Acid Mine Drainage Sites Pamela S. Blicker, Dennis R. Neuman, Stuart R. Jennings and James A. Jacobs 4.6 Resource Recovery Stephen M. Testa 4.7 Case Studies for Acid Mine Drainage James A. Jacobs 4.8 Sustainable Aquaculture using Treated and Untreated Mine Water from Coal Mines Kenneth J. Semmens and James A. Jacobs PART V. REFERENCES 5.1 Web Resources for Acid Drainage Issues PART VI. INDEX PART VII. APPENDICES Appendix A – Acronyms Appendix B – Glossary of Acid Drainage Terms Appendix C – Chemical Equilibrium Diagrams Appendix D – Core Loges and Hydrogeologic Procedures Appendix E – Conversions Appendix F – Nomenclature of Iron Appendix G – Summary of US EPA Method 1627 Kinetic Test Procedures Appendix H – Acid Mine Drainage Remediation Decision Tree

JAMES A. JACOBS is Chief Hydrogeologist of Clearwater Group in Point Richmond, California. He is a Fulbright Senior Scholar, having won four awards between 2003 and 2012. He is coauthor of three other environmental books and has served as an expert witness in a variety of resource and environmental contamination cases. He is an instructor for the University of California, Berkeley Extension Program, teaching a class on sustainable remediation methods for soil and water. JAY H. LEHR received a degree in geological engineering from Princeton and a PhD in groundwater hydrology from the University of Arizona. He is the coauthor of 30 books relating to environmental science and water supply. He edited the journal Groundwater for 25 years. He is currently the Science Director of the Heartland Institute, a free market think tank in Chicago, Illinois. STEPHEN M. TESTA is currently the Executive Officer of the California State Mining and Geology Board and past president of the American Geosciences Institute, American Institute of Professional Geologists, American Association of Petroleum Geologists (Energy Minerals Division), and Los Angeles Basin Geological Society. Mr. Testa was a consultant for over 30 years and served as an instructor at the University of Southern California and California State University, Fullerton.