Understanding Electric Power Systems: An Overview of the Technology, the Marketplace, and Government Regulations

Technological advances and changes in government policy and regulation have altered the electric power industry in recent years and will continue to impact it for quite some time. Fully updated with the latest changes to regulation, structure, and technology, this new edition of Understanding Electric Power Systems offers a real–world view of the industry, explaining how it operates, how it is structured, and how electricity is regulated and priced. It includes extensive references for the reader and will be especially useful to lawyers, government officials, regulators, engineers, and students, as well as the general public. The book explains the physical functioning of electric power systems, the electric power business in today's environment, and the related institutions, including recent changes in the roles of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and the North American Reliability Company. Significant changes that are affecting the industry are covered in this new edition, including: The expanded role of the federal government in the planning and operation of the nation's electric utilities New energy laws and a large number of FERC regulations implementing these laws Concerns over global warming and potential impacts on the electric industry Pressures for expansion of the electric grid and the implementation of “smart–grid” technologies The growing importance of various energy–storage technologies and renewable energy sources New nuclear generation technologies The 2009 economic stimulus package

Spis treści:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
PREFACE TO THE 2ND EDITION.
LIST OF FIGURES.
CHAPTER 1 BENEFITS OF ELECTRIC POWER AND A HISTORY OF THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY.
SOCIETAL BENEFITS OF ELECTRICITY.
ORIGIN OF THE INDUSTRY.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL ELECTRIC POWER GRID.
"THE GOLDEN AGE".
BLACKOUTS AND THE RELIABILITY CRISIS.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL CRISES – THE SHIFT TO LOW SULFUR OIL.
THE FUEL CRISIS – THE SHIFT FROM OIL.
THE FINANCIAL CRISIS.
THE LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY CRISIS.
GLOBAL WARMING CRISIS AND CONCERNS ABOUT CARBON EMISSIONS.
RESTRUCTURING, COMPETITION AND THE INDUSTRY OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE.
CHAPTER 2: THE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM.
THE CUSTOMERS.
SOURCES OF THE ELECTRIC ENERGY – GENERATION.
THE DELIVERY SYSTEM.
Interconnections.
The Grid.
CHAPTER 3: BASIC ELECTRIC POWER CONCEPTS.
ELECTRIC ENERGY.
CONCEPTS RELATING TO THE FLOW OF ELECTRICITY.
DIRECT CURRENT.
ALTERNATING CURRENT.
Three Phases.
Synchronism.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AC SYSTEMS.
Resistance.
Induction and Inductive Reactance.
Capacitance and Capacitive Reactance.
Impedance.
OHM’S LAW FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT.
POWER IN ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS.
Real Power.
Reactive Power.
Transformers.
POWER FLOW.
Division of Power Flow.
Voltage Drop and Reactive Power Flow.
STABILITY.
Steady state instability.
Voltage instability.
Transient instability.
Automatic Generation Controls (AGC).
Dynamic instability.
CHAPTER 4 ELECTRIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION.
END–USES FOR ELECTRICITY.
CUSTOMER CLASSES.
RATE CLASSES.
DEMAND AND ENERGY.
Effects of Load Diversity.
SYSTEM LOAD.
Load Management.
REACTIVE LOAD.
LOSSES AND UNACCOUNTED FOR ENERGY IN THE DELIVERY SYSTEM.
FORECASTS.
CHAPTER 5 ELECTRIC POWER – GENERATION AND CONCERNS ABOUT GREENHOUSE GASES.
GENERATION’S ROLE.
TYPES OF GENERATION.
THERMAL CONVERSION – USING FUEL AS THE ENERGY RESOURCE.
Steam cycle – Steam turbines.
Combustion (Gas) Turbines.
Combined Cycle.
Nuclear.
Reciprocating Engines.
Micro Turbines.
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) or Co generation.
THERMAL CONVERSION – NON F UEL HEAT SOURCES.
Geothermal.
Solar Thermal Generation.
MECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION.
Hydro turbines and Hydro Pumped Storage.
Wind turbines.
Distributed Generation and Other Sources.
RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS.
Supply Side Options to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
Financial Options to Reduce Carbon Emissions.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GENERATING PLANTS.
Size.
Efficiency.
Availability.
Schedulable and Unschedulable Units.
CAPITAL COST OF GENERATION.
GENERATOR LIFE EXTENSION.
THE TECHNOLOGY OF GENERATION.
Synchronous Generators.
Variable Frequency and Direct Current Generation.
SYSTEM NEEDS AND EVALUATION OF INTERMITTENT RESOURCES.
CHAPTER 6 THE TECHNOLOGY OF THE ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.
COMPONENTS.
HVAC.
Overhead Lines.
Overhead Line Capability –Ratings.
Transmission Cable.
Cable Capacity.
Submarine Cables.
Superconducting Cables.
SUBSTATIONS.
Substation Equipment.
Substation Circuit Breaker Arrangements.
Transmission System Aging.
HVDC.
ADVANTAGES OF AC OVER DC OPERATION.
Advantages of HVDC.
Disadvantages of HVDC.
KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.
CHAPTER 7 DISTRIBUTION.
FUNCTION OF DISTRIBUTION.
PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION FEEDERS.
Radial systems.
Loop systems.
Primary network systems.
Secondary Systems.
DISTRIBUTION CAPACITY.
LOSSES.
DISTRIBUTION FACILITY RATINGS.
METERING.
CONTROL OF DISTRIBUTION VOLTAGES.
Distribution Transformers.
Voltage Regulators.
Capacitors.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM RELIABILITY.
QUALITY OF SERVICE.
DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS.
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION.
OPERATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS.
SMART GRID AND MICROGRIDS.
CHAPTER 8 ENERGY STORAGE AND OTHER NEW TECHNOLOGIES.
ENERGY STORAGE.
Benefits of Energy Storage to Generation.
Benefits of Energy Storage to Transmission and Distribution.
ENERGY STORAGE CONC EPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES.
Mechanical Systems.
Hydro pumped storage.
Compressed Air Energy Storage.
Flywheels.
Thermal Energy Storage.
Storage of Low–Grade Heat.
Storage of High–Grade Heat.
Chemical Energy Storage.
Batteries.
Hydrogen energy storage systems.
Electrical Storage.
Capacitors and Supercapacitor.
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage.
Power Conversion Equipment.
The Future for Energy Storage.
SMART GRID.
Microgrids.
NEW NUCLEAR PLANT DESIGNS.
CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES.
SUPERCONDUCTORS.
CHAPTER 9 RELIABILITY.
CAUSES OF OUTAGES.
COSTS OF POWER OUTAGES.
WAYS TO MEASURE RELIABILITY.
PLANNING AND OPERATING A RELIABLE AND ADEQUATE POWER SYSTEM.
Generation.
Transmission.
Distribution.
SUMMARY.
CHAPTER 10 THE PHYSICAL NETWORK: THE NORTH AMERICAN ELECTRIC RELIABILITY CORPORATION (NERC) AND ITS STANDARDS.
NERC AS ELECTRIC RELIABILITY ORGANIZATION.
NERC?S STANDARDS.
Functional Model.
DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDS.
Reliability Principles.
Market Interface Principles.
Compliance with NERC Standards.
Other NERC Responsibilities.
The Future.
CHAPTER 11 THE PHYSICAL NETWORK: OPERATION OF THE ELECTRIC BULK POWER SYSTEM.
BALANCING AUTHORITIES.
Operating Reserves.
RELIABILITY COORDINATORS.
TRANSMISSION OPERATORS.
Power Transfer Limits.
Determination of Total Transfer Capability.
Parallel Path Flow and Loop Flow.
Reduction of Power Transfers – Congestion Management.
Ancillary Services.
Voltage and Reactive Control.
Potential Emergencies.
Preventative Philosophy.
Corrective Philosophy.
Operating Emergencies.
INFORMATION EXCHANGE.
CHAPTER 12 THE PHYSICAL NETWORK – PLANNING OF THE ELECTRIC BULK POWER SYSTEM.
PLANNING STANDARDS.
GENERATION PLANNING.
TRANSMISSION PLANNING.
Transmission System Planning Studies.
Power Flow Studies.