Polymers for Electricity and Electronics: Materials, Properties, and Applications

The comprehensive, practical book that explores the principles,properties, and applications of electrical polymers

The electrical properties of polymers present almost limitlesspossibilities for industrial research and development, and thisbook provides an in–depth look at these remarkable molecules. Inaddition to traditional applications in insulating materials,wires, and cables, electrical polymers are increasingly being usedin a range of emerging technologies.

Presenting a comprehensive overview of how electrical polymersfunction and how they can be applied in the electronics,automotive, medical, and military fields, Polymers forElectricity and Electronics: Materials, Properties, andApplications presents intensive and accessible coverage with afocus on practical applications. Including examples ofstate–of–the–art scientific issues, the book evaluates newtechnologies such as light emitting diodes, molecularelectronics, liquid crystals, nanotechnology, optical fibers, andsoft electronics and explains the advantages of conductivepolymers as well as their processibility and commercial uses.

This book is an essential resource for anyone working with, orinterested in, polymers and polymer science. In addition,appendices that detail the electrical properties of selectedpolymers as well as list additional ASTM and correspondinginternational testing standards and methods for testing electricalproperties are also included.

PREFACE xvii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Electric Charge 3

1.2 Coulomb′s Law 6

1.3 Conductors and Insulators 7

1.4 Capacitors 7

1.5 Dielectrics and Capacitance 8

1.6 Dielectric Polarizability 12

1.7 Voltage 15

1.8 Electric Currents 16

1.9 Resistance and Resistivity 17

1.10 Ohm′s Law 19

1.11 Semiconductors 19

1.12 Superconductivity and Superconductors 20

1.13 Piezoelectricity 21

1.14 Pyroelectricity 21

1.15 Ferroelectricity 22

1.16 Methods for Generating Electric Energy 22

2 POLYMERIC MATERIALS 27

2.1 Introduction 27

2.2 Polymerization / 33

2.3 Molecular Weights and Molecular Weight Distributions 34

2.4 Configuration 36

2.5 Glass Transition Temperature and Melting Temperature 38

2.6 Solutions of Polymers 42

2.7 Polymer Compatibility 47

2.8 Deformation Behavior 47

2.9 Polymeric Foams 55

2.10 Liquid Crystals 56

2.11 Nanocomposites 59

2.12 Commercial Polymers 60

2.13 General Technological Characteristics of Polymers 90

2.14 Processing of Polymers 96

2.15 Adhesion and Adhesives 114

3 POLYMERS AS ELECTRICAL INSULATORS 134

3.1 Dielectric Constants of Polymers 135

3.2 Dielectric Relaxation 140

3.3 Tangent of the Dielectric Loss Angle 143

3.4 Dielectric Breakdown of Polymers 147

3.5 Static Charges 159

4 SPECIALTY POLYMERS 172

4.1 Intrinsically Conductive Polymers 172

4.2 Ferroelectric Polymers 180

4.3 Thermotropic Liquid–Crystal Polymers 185

4.4 Ionomers 186

5 COMMERCIAL POLYMERS USED IN PRACTICAL ELECTRICAL ANDELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS 193

5.1 Polymeric Materials Used As Insulators 193

5.2 Wire and Cable Technology 205

5.3 Other Applications of Polymers and Polymeric Systems 245

6 APPLICATIONS OF SPECIALTY POLYMERS 253

6.1 Applications of Conjugated Polymers 253

6.2 Applications of Ferroelectric Polymers 258

6.3 Applications of Liquid–Crystal Polymers 259

6.4 Applications of Ionomers 261

6.5 Lithium Ion Polymer Batteries 265

7 TESTING OF ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS 269

7.1 Introduction 269

7.2 Individual Tests of Electrical Properties 271

8 CURRENT TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS 280

8.1 Molecular Electronics 281

8.2 Intelligent Material Systems 281

8.3 Other Developments and Trends 282

Further Readings 286

APPENDIX I TYPICAL VALUES OF ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OFSELECTED POLYMERS 289

APPENDIX II ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES, ASTM TEST METHODS, ANDSPECIFICATIONS 292

APPENDIX III BASIC ELECTRICAL TESTS: ASTM AND CORRESPONDINGINTERNATIONAL STANDARDS 294

APPENDIX IV NOBEL PRIZE 2000 FOR CHEMISTRY, TITLE PAGE 295

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 297

GLOSSARY 304

BIBLIOGRAPHY 314

INDEX 317

Jiri George Drobny is the President of Drobny Polymer Associates as well as a consulting chemical engineer, technical translator, and educator. He is the author of four books on high performance polymers and has four issued U.S. patents in the fields of fluoropolymers and the radiation processing of elastomers.

The book introduces readers to the fundamentals, basicprinciples, properties, and applications of electrical polymers. Itprovides the principles in an extended and accessible way, as wellas including examples of state–of–the–art scientificissues.   (PU Magazine, 1 August 2012)

It appears that an updated publication focusing on thepractical side and complementing them should be useful. The goal ofthis book is to provide a ready reference for professionals workingin industrial practice and as a textbook for advanced students ofelectrical and electronic engineering, material science, of polymerscience and engineering as well for the use of educators, attorneysand marketing specialists.   (RFP Rubber FibresPlastics, 9 July 2012)