Mass Spectrometry in Sports Drug Testing: Characterization of Prohibited Substances and Doping Control Analytical Assays

Mass spectrometry is a major tool to characterize, identify, and detect hundreds of known and unknown drugs. This book provides a detailed overview about the mass spectrometry of numerous classes of therapeutics and agents relevant to doping control laboratories, the necessity of various analyzers enabling the detection of low– and high molecular weight drugs as well as the discrimination between endogenously produced and synthetically derived compounds. It adds perspective to the health and ethical issues of doping in sports, and the role mass spectrometry plays in both detecting unknown drugs and protecting athletes. Scientists and researchers involved in drug design, metabolite identification, and environmental analysis, and sports medicine and drug research bodies will utilize this resource.

Spis treści:
1. History of sports drug testing.
1.1 Historical attempts of artificial performance–enhancement.
1.2 Background and rationale of doping controls.
1.3 Early detection methods – possibilities and limitations of assays without mass spectrometry.
1.4 Introduction of mass spectrometry to doping control analysis.
1.5 References.
2. Mass spectrometry and the List of Prohibited Substances and Methods of Doping.
2.1 Criteria for the mass spectrometric identification of prohibited compounds.
2.2 Modern mass spectrometers in doping controls – advantages and disadvantages of available techniques.
2.3 References.
3. Structure characterization of low–molecular weight target analytes – Electron Ionization.
3.1 Stimulants.
3.2 Narcotics.
3.3 Anabolic androgenic steroids.
3.4 Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs).
3.5 Diuretics.
3.6 β<sub>2</sub>–Agonists.
3.7 Beta–receptor blocking agents.
3.8 Calcium–channel modulators (Rycals).
3.9 Carbohydrate–based agents.
3.10 Reference s.
4. Structure characterization of low–molecular weight target analytes – Electrospray ionization.
4.1 Stimulants.
4.2 Narcotics.
4.3 Anabolic androgenic steroids.
4.4 Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs).
4.5 Diuretics.
4.6 β<sub>2</sub>–Agonists.
4.7 Calcium–channel modulators (Rycals).
4.8 Peroxisome–proliferator activated receptor–б (PPARб) and adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) agonists.
4.9 Hypoxia–inducible factor (HIF)–stabilizers and sirtuin activators.
4.10 Beta–receptor blocking agents.
4.11 Glucuronic acid and sulfate conjugates of target analytes.
4.12 References.
5. Structure characterization of high–molecular weight target analytes – Electrospray ionization.
5.1 Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG).
5.2 Erythropoietins (EPO).
5.3 Synacthen.
5.4 Insulins.
5.5 Hemoglobin–based oxygen carriers (HBOCs).
5.6 Human growth hormone (hGH).
5.7 Sermorelin (Geref).
5.8 Insulin–like growth factor–1 (IGF–1).
5.9 Gonadorelin (LHRH).
5.10 References.
6. Modern mass spectrometry–based analytical assays.
6.1 GC–MS / isotope ratio mass spectrometry.
6.2 LC–MS/MS.
6.3 References.
7. Limitations and perspectives of mass spectrometry–based procedures in doping control analysis.
7.1 Recombinant biomolecules.
7.2 Unknown compounds.
7.3 Profiling of urine and/or blood.
7.4 Alternative specimens.
7.5 References.
Index.