Fundamentals of Analytical Toxicology

The analytical toxicologist may be required to detect, identify, and in many cases measure a wide variety of compounds in samples from almost any part of the body or in related materials such as residues in syringes or in soil. This book aims to give principles and practical information on the analysis of drugs and poisons in biological specimens, particularly clinical and forensic specimens.
After providing some background information the book covers aspects of sample collection, transport, storage and disposal, and sample preparation. Analytical techniques – colour tests and spectrophotometry, chromatography and electro­phoresis, mass spectrometry, and immunoassay – are covered in depth, and a chapter is devoted to the analysis of trace elements and toxic metals. General aspects of method implementation/validation and laboratory operation are detailed, as is the role of the toxicology laboratory in validating and monitoring the performance of point of care testing (POCT) devices. The book concludes with reviews of xenobiotic absorption, distribution and metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and general aspects of the interpretation of analytical toxicology results.
A clearly written, practical, integrated approach to the basics of analytical toxicology.Focuses on analytical, statistical and pharmacokinetic principles rather than detailed applications.Assumes only a basic knowledge of analytical chemistry.An accompanying website provides additional material and links to related sites www.wiley.com/go/flanagantoxicology.
Written by an experienced team of authors, this book will prove invaluable for those starting out in a career in analytical toxicology across a wide range of disciplines including clinical and forensic science, food safety, and pharmaceutical development.


Spis treści:
Preface.
Health and Safety.
Nomenclature, Symbols and Conventions.
Amount Concentration and M ass Concentration.
Acknowledgements.
Lit of Abbreviations.
1. Analytical Toxicology: overview.
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Modern analytical toxicology.
1.3 Provision of analytical toxicology services.
1.4 Applications of analytical toxicology.
1.5 Summary.
2. Sample Collection, transport, and Storage.
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Clinical samples and sampling.
2.3 Guidelines for sample collection for analytical toxicology.
2.4 Sample transport and storage.
2.5 Common interferences.
2.6 Summary.
3. Sample Preparation.
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Modes of sample preparation.
3.3 Measurement of nonbound plasma concentrations.
3.4 Hydrolysis of conjugated metabolites.
3.5 Extraction of drugs from tissues.
3.6 Derivatization.
3.7 Summary.
4. Colour tests, and Spectrophotometric and Luminescence techniques.
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Colour tests.
4.3 UV/visible spectrophotometry.
4.4 Luminescence.
4.5 Summary.
5. Introduction to Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis.
5.1 General introduction.
5.2 Theoretical aspects of chromatography.
5.3 Measurement of analyte retention.
5.4 Summary.
6. Thin–Layer Chromatography.
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Preparation of thin–layer plates.
6.3 Sample application.
6.4 Developing the chromatogram.
6.5 Visualizing the chromatogram.
6.6 Retention factor (Rf).
6.7 Toxi–Lab.
6.8 High–performance thin–layer chromatography.
6.9 Quantitative thin–layer chromatography.
6.10 Summary. 
7. Gas Chromatography.
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Instrumentation.
7.3 Columns and column packings.
7.4 Derivatization for GC.
7.5 Chiral separations 166
7.6 Applications of gas chromatography in analytical toxicology.
7.7 Summary.
8. High–Performance Liquid Chromatography.
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 HPLC: general considerations.
8.3 Detection in HPLC.
8.4 Columns and colu mn packings.
8.5 Modes of HPLC.
8.6 Chiral separations.
8.7 Derivatives for HPLC.
8.8 Use of HPLC in analytical toxicology.
8.9 Summary.
9. Capillary Electrophoretic Techniques.
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Electrophoretic mobility.
9.3 Efficiency and zone broadening.
9.4 Sample injection.
9.5 Detection.
9.6 Reproducibility of migration time.
9.7 Applications of capillary electrophoresis.
9.8 Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography.
9.9 Other capillary electrokinetic modes.
9.10 CE techniques in analytical toxicology.
9.11 Chiral separations.
9.12 Summary.
10. Mass Spectrometry.
10.1 Introduction.
10.2 Instrumentation.
10.3 Presentation of mass spectral data.
10.4 Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.
10.5 Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.
10.6 Interpretation of mass spectra.
10.7 Quantitative mass spectrometry.
10.8 Summary.
11. Trace Elements and Toxic Metals.
11.1 Introduction.
11.2 Sample collection and storage.
11.3 Sample preparation.
11.4 Atomic spectrometry.
11.5 Colorimetry and fluorimetry.
11.6 Electrochemical methods.
11.7 Catalytic methods.
11.8 Neutron activation analysis.
11.9 Chromatographic methods.
11.10 Quality assurance.
11.11 Summary.
12. Immunoassays and enzyme–Based Assays.
12.1 Introduction.
12.2 Basic principles of competitive binding assays.
12.3 Heterogeneous immunoassays.
12.4 Homogenous immunoassays.
12.5 Microparticulate and turbidimetric immunoassays.
12.6 Assay calibration, quality control and quality assurance.
12.7 Interferences and assay failures.
12.8 Enzyme–based assays.
12.9 Summary.
13. Toxicology testing at the Point of Care.
13.1 Introduction.
13.2 Use of POCT.
13.3 Analytes.
13.4 Interferences and adulterants.
13.5 Quality assurance.
13.6 Summary.
14. Basic Laboratory Operations.
14.1 Introduction.
14.2 Aspects of quan titative analysis.
14.3 Use of internal standards.
14.4 Method comparison.
14.5 Nonparametric statistics.
14.6 Quality control and proficiency testing.
14.7 Operational considerations.
14.8 Summary.
15. Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of Xenobiotic Compounds.
15.1 Introduction.
15.2 Routes of administration.
15.3 Absorption.
15.4 Distribution.
15.5 Metabolism.
15.6 Excretion.
15.7 Summary.
16. Pharmacokinetics.
16.1 Introduction.
16.2 Fundamental concepts.
16.3 Absorption and elimination.
16.4 Drug accumulation.
16.5 Sustained–release preparations.
16.6 Non–linear pharmacokinetics.
16.7 Multicompartment models.
16.8 Model–independent pharmacokinetic parameters.
16.9 Pharmacokinetics and the interpretation of results.
16.10 Summary.
17. Clinical Interpretation of Analytical Results.
17.1 Introduction.
17.2 Pharmacogenetics.
17.3 Effects of age, sex and disease on drug disposition.
17.4 Enzyme induction and inhibition.
17.5 Investigation of acute poisoning.
17.6 Postmortem toxicology.
17.7 Gazetteer.
17.8 Summary.
Index.

Nota biograficzna:
Robert J. Flanagan. King′s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Andrew Taylor. Royal Surrey County Hospital, UK
Ian D. Watson. Aintree Hospitals, Liverpool, UK
Robin Whelpton. Queen Mary, University of London, UK

Okładka tylna:
The analytical toxicologist may be required to detect, identify, and in many cases measure a wide variety of compounds in samples from almost any part of the body or in related materials such as residues in syringes or in soil. This book aims to give principles and practical information on the analysis of drugs and poisons in biological specimens, particularly clinical and forensic specimens.
After providing some background information the book covers aspects of sample col