Introduction to Plant Physiology

Hopkins and Hüner s Introduction to PlantPhysiology is known for its excellent balance oftraditional and modern topics, presented in a straight–forwardstyle without overwhelming or excessive detail. With afocus on the fundamentals of plant physiology, Introductionto Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition makes the connectionbetween key concepts and experimental data. For the first time,this text is published in full color, improving an already solidillustration program. Now in full color. For the first time, the book has afull–color illustration program to maximize student learning andunderstanding. Renewed Introductory Focus. The intent of this text is to servethe introductory student in a botanical program or those schoolsthat do not have botanical programs. Chapters have now been placed into self–contained units. Thisallows faculty to use the text in whichever order of topics theyprefer. New Chapter One. Chapter One has been rewritten to reduce thedetail of cell structure and present a more general review of plantorganization.

Chapter 1: Plant Cells and Water.

1.1 Water has Unique Physical and Chemical Properties.

1.2 The Thermal Properties of Water are BiologicallyImportant.

1.3 Water is the Universal Solvent.

1.4 Polarity of Water Molecules Results in Cohesion andAdhesion.

1.5 Water Movement may be Governed by Diffusion or by BulkFlow.

1.6 Osmosis is the Diffusion of Water Across a SelectivelyPermeable Membrane.

1.7 Hydrostatic Pressure and Osmotic Pressure are Two Componentsof Water Potential.

1.8 Water Potential is the Sum of its Component Potentials.

1.9 Dynamic Flux of H2O is Associated with Changes inWater Potential.

1.10 Aquaporins Facilitate the Cellular Movement of Water.

1.11 Two–Component Sensing/Signalling Systems are Involved inOsmoregulation.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 2: Whole Plant Water Relations.

2.1 Transpiration is Driven by Differences in VaporPressure.

2.2 The Driving Force of Transpiration is Differences in VaporPressure.

2.3 The Rate of Transpiration is Influenced by EnvironmentalFactors.

2.4 Water Conduction Occurs via Tracheary Elements.

2.5 The Ascent of Xylem SAP is Explained by CombiningTranspiration with the Cohesive Forces of Water.

2.6 Water Loss due to Transpiration must be Replenished.

2.7 Roots Absorb and Transport Water.

2.8 The Permeability of Roots to Water Varies.

2.9 Radial Movement of Water Through the Root Involves TwoPossible Pathways.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 3: Roots, Soils, and Nutrient Uptake.

3.1 The Soil as a Nutrient Reservoir.

3.2 Nutrient Uptake.

3.3 Selective Accumulation of Ions by Roots.

3.4 Electrochemical Gradients and Ion Movement.

3.5 Electrogenic Pumps are Critical for Cellular ActiveTransport.

3.6 Cellular Ion Uptake Processes are Interactive.

3.7 Root Architecture is Important to Maximize Ion Uptake.

3.8 The Radial Path of Ion Movement Through Roots.

3.9 Root–Microbe Interactions.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 4: Plants and Inorganic Nutrients.

4.1 Methods and Nutrient Solutions.

4.2 The Essential Nutrient Elements.

4.3 Beneficial Elements.

4.4 Nutrient Functions and Deficiency Symptoms.

4.5 Toxicity of Micronutrients.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 5: Bioenergetics and ATP Synthesis.

5.1 Bioenergetics and Energy Transformations in LivingOrganisms.

5.2 Energy Transformations and Coupled Reactions.

5.3 Energy Transduction and the Chemiosmotic Synthesis ofATP.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 6: The Dual Role of Sunlight: Energy andInformation.

6.1 The Physical Nature of Light.

6.2 The Natural Radiation Environment.

6.3 Photoreceptors Absorb Light for use in a PhysiologicalProcess.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 7: Energy Conservation in Photosynthesis: HarvestingSunlight.

7.1 Leaves are Photosynthetic Machines that Maximize theAbsorption of Light.

7.2 Photosynthesis is an Oxidation–Reduction Process.

7.3 Photosynthetic Electron Transport.

7.4 Photophosphorylation is the Light–Dependent Synthesis ofATP.

7.5 Lateral Heterogeneity is the Unequal Distribution ofThylakoid Complexes.

7.6 Cyanobacteria are Oxygenic.

7.7 Inhibitors of Photosynthetic Electron Transport areEffective Herbicides.

Summary

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 8: Energy Conservation in Photosynthesis:CO2 Assimilation.

8.1 Stomatal Complex Controls Leaf Gas Exchange and WaterLoss.

8.2 CO2 Enters the Leaf by Diffusion.

8.3 How Do Stomata Open and Close?

8.4 Stomatal Movements are Also Controlled by ExternalEnvironmental Factors.

8.5 The Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction (PCR) Cycle.

8.6 The PCR Cycle is Highly Regulated.

8.7 Chloroplasts of C3 Plants also Exhibit Competing CarbonOxidation Processes.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 9: Allocation, Translocation, and Partitioning ofPhotoassimilates.

9.1 Starch and Sucrose are Biosynthesized in Two DifferentCompartments.

9.2 Starch and Sucrose Biosynthesis are CompetitiveProcesses.

9.3 Fructan Biosynthesis is An Alternative Pathway for CarbonAllocation.

9.4 Photoassimilates are Translocated Over Long Distances.

9.5 Sieve Elements are the Principal Cellular Constituents ofthe Phloem.

9.6 Direction of Translocation is Determined by Source–SinkRelationships.

9.7 Phloem Translocation Occurs by Mass Transfer.

9.8 Phloem Loading and Unloading Regulate Translocation andPartitioning.

9.9 Photoassimilate is Distributed Between Different MetabolicPathways and Plant Organs.

9.10 Xenobiotic Agrochemicals are Translocated in thePhloem.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 10: Cellular Respiration: Unlocking the Energy Storedin Photoassimilates.

10.1 Cellular Respiration Consists of a Series of Pathways byWhich Photoassimilates are Oxidized.

10.2 Starch Mobilization.

10.3 Fructan Mobilization is Constitutive.

10.4 Glycolysis Converts Sugars to Pyruvic Acid.

10.5 The Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway is an AlternativeRoute for Glucose Metabolism.

10.6 The Fate of Pyruvate Depends on the Availability ofMolecular Oxygen.

10.7 Oxidative Respiration is Carried out by theMitochondrion.

10.8 Energy is Conserved in the Form of ATP in Accordance withChemiosmosis.

10.9 Plants Contain Several Alternative Electron TransportPathways.

10.10 Many Seeds Store Carbon as Oils that are Converted toSugar.

10.11 Respiration Provides Carbon Skeletons forBiosynthesis.

10.12 Respiratory Rate Varies with Development and MetabolicState.

10.13 Respiration Rates Respond to Environmental Conditions.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 11: Nitrogen Assimilation.

11.1 The Nitrogen Cycle: A Complex Pattern of Exchange.

11.2 Biological Nitrogen Fixation is ExclusivelyProkaryotic.

11.3 Legumes Exhibit Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation.

11.4 The Biochemistry of Nitrogen Fixation.

11.5 The Genetics of Nitrogen Fixation.

11.6 NH3 Produced by Nitrogen Fixation is Convertedto Organic Nitrogen.

11.7 Plants Generally Take up Nitrogen in the Form ofNitrate.

11.8 Nitrogen Cycling: Simultaneous Imports and Export.

11.9 Agricultural and Ecosystem Productivity is Dependent onNitrogen Supply.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 12: Carbon and Nitrogen Assimilation and PlantProductivity.

12.1 Productivity Refers to an Increase in Biomass.

12.2 Carbon Economy is Dependent on the Balance BetweenPhotosynthesis and Respiration.

12.3 Productivity is Influenced by a Variety of EnvironmentalFactors.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 13: Responses of Plants to EnvironmentalStress.

13.1 What is Plant Stress?

13.2 Plants Respond to Stress in Several Different Ways.

13.3 Too Much Light Inhibits Photosynthesis.

13.4 Water Stress is a Persistent Threat to Plant Survival.

13.5 Plants are Sensitive to Fluctuations in Temperature.

13.6 Insect Pests and Disease Represent Potential BioticStresses.

13.7 There are Features Common to all Stresses.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 14: Acclimation to Environmental Stress.

14.1 Plant Acclimation is a Time–Dependent Phenomenon.

14.2 Acclimation is Initiated by Rapid, Short–TermResponses.

14.3 Long–Term Acclimation Alters Phenotype.

14.4 Freezing Tolerance in Herbaceous Species is a ComplexInteraction Between Light and Low Temperature.

14.5 Plants Adjust Photosynthetic Capacity in Response to HighTemperature.

14.6 Oxygen may Protect During Accimation to VariousStresses.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 15: Adaptations to the Environment.

15.1 Sun and Shade Adapted Plants Respond Differentially toIrradiance.

15.2 C4 Plants are Adapted to High Temperature and Drought.

15.3 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism is an Adaptation to DesertLife.

15.4 C4 and CAM Photosynthesis Require Precise Regulation andTemporal Integration.

15.5 Plant Biomes Reflect Myriad Physiological Adaptations.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 16: Development: An Overview.

16.1 Growth, Differentiation, and Development.

16.2 Meristems are Centers of Plant Growth.

16.3 Seed Development and Germination.

16.4 From Embryo to Adult.

16.5 Senescence and Programmed Cell Death are the Final Stagesof Development.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 17: Growth and Development of Cells.

17.1 Growth of Plant Cells is Complicated by the Presence of aCell Wall.

17.2 Cell Division.

17.3 Cell Walls and Cell Growth.

17.4 A Continuous Stream of Signals Provides Information thatPlant Cells Use of Modify Development.

17.5 Signal Transduction Includes a Diverse Array of SecondMessengers.

17.6 There is Extensive Crosstalk Among Signal Pathways.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 18: Hormones I: Auxins.

18.1 The Hormone Concept in Plants.

18.2 Auxin is Distributed Throughout the Plant.

18.3 The Principal Auxin in Plants is Indole–3–Acetic Acid(IAA).

18.4 IAA is Synthesized from the Amino Acid I–Tryptophan.

18.5 Some Plants do not Require Tryptophan for IAABiosynthesis.

18.6 IAA may be Stored as Inactive Conjugates.

18.7 IAA is Deactivated by Oxidation and Conjugation with AminoAcids.

18.8 Auxin is Involved in Virtually Every Stage of PlantDevelopment.

18.9 The Acid–Growth Hypothesis Explains Auxin Control of CellEnlargement.

18.10 Maintenance of Auxin–Induced Growth and Other AuxinEffects Requires Gene Activation.

18.11 Many Aspects of Plant Development are Linked to the PolarTransport of Auxin.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 19: Hormones II: Gibberellins.

19.1 There are a Large Number of Gibberellins.

19.2 There are Three Principal Sites for GibberellinBiosynthesis.

19.3 Gibberellins are Terpenes, Sharing a Core Pathway withSeveral Other Hormones and a Wide Range of Secondary Products.

19.4 Gibberellins are Synthesized from GeranylgeranylPyrophosphate (GGPP).

19.5 Gibberellins are Deactivated by2β–Hydroxylation.

19.6 Growth Retardants Block the Synthesis of Gibberellins.

19.7 Gibberellin Transport is Poorly Understood.

19.8 Gibberellins Affect Many Aspects of Plant Growth andDevelopment.

19.9 Gibberellins Act by Regulating Gene Expression.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 20: Hormones III: Cytokinins.

20.1 Cytokinins are Adenine Derivatives.

20.2 Cytokinins are Synthesized Primarily in the Root andTranslocated in the Xylem.

20.3 Cytokinins are Required for Cell Proliferation.

20.4 Cytokinin Receptor and Signaling.

Summary.

Chapter Review

Further Reading.

Chapter 21: Hormones IV: Abscisic Acid, Ethylene, andBrassinosteroids.

21.1 Abscisic Acid.

21.2 Ethylene.

21.3 Brassinosteroids.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 22: Photomorphogenesis: Responding to Light.

22.1 Photomorphogenesis is Initiated by Photoreceptors.

22.2 Photochromes: Responding to Red and Far–Red Light.

22.3 Cryptochrome: Responding to Blue and UV–A Light.

22.4 Photochrome and Cryptochrome Mediate Numerous DevelopmentalResponses.

22.5 Chemistry and Mode of Action of Phytochrome andCryptochrome.

22.6 Some Plant Responses are Regulated by UV–B Light.

22.7 De–Etiolation in Arabidopsis: A Case Study in PhotoreceptorInteractions.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 23: Tropisms and Nastic Movements: Orienting Plantsin Space.

23.1 Phototropism: Reaching for the Sun.

23.2 Gravitropism.

23.3 Nastic Movements.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 24: Measuring Time: Controlling Development byPhotoperiod and Endogenous Clocks.

24.1 Photoperiodism.

24.2 The Biological Clock.

24.3 Photoperiodism in Nature.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 25: Flowering and Fruit Development.

25.1 Flower Initiation and Development Involves the SequentialAction of Three Sets of Genes.

25.2 Temperature can Alter the Flowering Response toPhotoperiod.

25.3 Fruit Set and Development is Regulated by Hormones.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 26: Temperature: Plant Development andDistribution.

26.1 Temperature in the Plant Environment.

26.2 Bud Dormancy.

26.3 Seed Dormancy.

26.4 Thermoperiodism is a Response to AlternatingTemperature.

26.5 Temperature Influences Plant Distribution.

Summary.

Chapter Review.

Further Reading.

Chapter 27: Secondary Metabolites.

27.1 Secondary Metabolites: A.K.A Natural Products.

27.2 Terpenes.

27.3 Glycosides.

27.4 Phenylpropanoids.

27.5 Secondary Metabolites are Active Against Insects andDisease.

27.6 Jasmonates are Linked to Ubiquitin–Related ProteinDegradation.

27.7 Alkaloids.

Appendix: Building Blocks: Lipids, Proteins, andCarbohydrates.

1.1 Lipids.

1.2 Proteins.

1.3 Carbohydrates.

Index/Glossary.

"Hopkins is concise and straightforward, emphasizing the ′bigpicture.′ It is readable and the figures are clearly described andsupport the text. Students who use Hopkins come away with a strongfoundation in basic principles for a range of areas."––Donald P,Briskin, University of Illinois

"Writing style is a real strength of this book. The level ofdetail is just right and the language is easy tofollow."––Clemson University