Smart Technologies for Safety Engineering

Smart technologies comprise a dynamic new interdisciplinary research field that encompasses a wide spectrum of engineering applications including, but not limited to, intelligent structures and materials, actuators, sensors and structural observability, control systems and software tools for the design of adaptive structures. Smart technologies focus on the issues surrounding the safety and integrity of engineering systems.
Smart Technologies for Safety Engineering presents the achievements of ten years of research from the Smart–Tech Centre applied to some of the key issues of safety engineering. Results presented include:
Original methods and software tools for modelling, design, simulation and control of adaptive structures and applicability of the adaptive concept to the design of structures for extreme loads;
Application of the smart–tech concept to hot research topics and emerging engineering issues including health monitoring of structures and engineering systems, monitoring of loading conditions, automatic structural adaptation to unpredictable, randomly changing dynamic conditions and the optimal design of adaptive structures and engineering systems;
Numerically efficient and original software packages that can be used for the design of adaptive, as well as passive (without control devices) structures.
The Virtual Distortion Method, which has been developed especially for fast reanalysis of structures and systems and exact sensitivity analysis, allowing for effective modelling, design, health monitoring and control of smart engineering systems.
The original research and practical applications in Smart Technologies for Safety Engineering will appeal to a broad spectrum of engineers, researchers, professors and graduate students involved in the research, design and development of widely understood adaptronics and mechatronics, including smart structures and materials, adaptive impact absorption, health and lo ad monitoring, vibration control, vibroacoustics and related issues.

Spis treści:
Preface.
About the Authors.
Organization of the Book.
1 Introduction to Smart Technologies (Jan Holnicki–Szulc, Jerzy Motylewski and Przemyslaw Kolakowski).
1.1 Smart Technologies – 30 Years of History.
1.2 Smart–Tech Hardware Issues.
1.2.1 Structual Health Monitoring.
1.2.2 Adaptive Impact Absorption.
1.3 Smart–Tech Software Issues.
References.
2 The Virtual Distortion Method – A Versatile Reanalysis Tool (Przemyslaw Kolakowski, Marcin Wiklo and Jan Holnicki–Szulc).
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Overview of Reanalysis Methods.
2.3 Virtual Distortion Method – The Main Idea.
2.4 VDM in Structural Statics.
2.4.1 Influence Matrix in Statics.
2.4.2 Stiffness Remodeling in Statics.
2.4.3 Plasticity in Statics.
2.4.4 Example 1 in Statics.
2.4.5 Example 2 in Statics.
2.5 VDM in Structural Dynamics.
2.5.1 Influence Matrices in Dynamics.
2.5.2 Stiffness Remodeling in Dynamics.
2.5.3 Plasticity in Dynamics.
2.5.4 Mass Remodeling in Dynamics.
2.6 VDM–Based Sensitivity Analysis.
2.7 Versatility of VDM in System Modeling.
2.8 Recapitulation.
2.8.1 General Remarks.
2.8.2 Applications of the VDM to Structures.
2.8.3 Applications of the VDM to Nonstructural Systems.
References.
3 VDM–Based Health Monitoring of Engineering Systems (Przemyslaw Kolakowski, Andrzej´ Swiercz, Anita Orlowska, Marek Kokot and Jan Holnicki–Szulc).
3.1 Introduction to Structural Health Monitoring.
3.2 Damage Identification in Skeletal Structures.
3.2.1 Introduction.
3.2.2 Time Domain (VDM–T) versus Frequency Domain (VDM–F).
3.2.3 Modifications in Beams.
3.2.4 Problem Formulation and Optimization Issues.
3.2.5 Numerical Algorithm.
3.2.6 Numerical Examples.
3.2.7 Experimental Verification.
3.2.8 Conclusions.
3.3 Modeling and Identification of Delamination in Double–Layer Beams.
3.3.1 Introduction.
3.3.2 Modeling of Delamination.
3.3.3 Identification of Delamination.
3.3.4 Conclusions.
3.4 Leakage Identification in Water Networks.
3.4.1 Introduction.
3.4.2 Modeling of Water Networks and Analogies to Truss Structures.
3.4.3 VDM–Based Simulation of Parameter Modification.
3.4.4 Leakage Identification.
3.4.5 Numerical Examples.
3.4.6 Conclusions.
3.5 Damage Identification in Electrical Circuits.
3.5.1 Introduction.
3.5.2 Modeling of Electrical Circuits and Analogies to Truss Structures.
3.5.3 VDM Formulation.
3.5.4 Defect Identification.
3.5.5 Numerical Example.
3.5.6 Conclusions.
References.
4 Dynamic Load Monitoring (Lukasz Jankowski, Krzysztof Sekula, Bartlomiej D. Blachowski, Marcin Wiklo, and Jan Holnicki–Szulc).
4.1 Real–Time Dynamic Load Identification.
4.1.1 Impact Load Characteristics.
4.1.2 Solution Map Approach.
4.1.3 Approach Based on Force and Acceleration.
4.1.4 Approaches Based on Conservation of Momentum.
4.1.5 Experimental Test Stand.
4.1.6 Experimental Verification.
4.1.7 Comparison of Approaches.
4.2 Observer Technique for On–Line Load Monitoring.
4.2.1 State–Space Representation of Mechanical Systems.
4.2.2 State Estimation and Observability.
4.2.3 Model–Based Input Estimation.
4.2.4 Unknown Input Observer.
4.2.5 Numerical Examples.
4.3 Off–Line Identification of Dynamic Lo ads.
4.3.1 Response to Dynamic Loading.
4.3.2 Load Reconstruction.
4.3.3 Optimum Sensor Location.
4.3.4 Numerical Example.
References.
5 Adaptive Impact Absorption (Piotr K. Pawlowski, Grzegorz Mikulowski, Cezary Graczykowski, Marian Ostrowski, Lukasz Jankowski and Jan Holnicki–Szulc).
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Multifolding Materials and Structures.
5.2.1 Introduction.
5.2.2 The Multifolding Effect.
5.2.3 Basic Model of the MFM.
5.2.4 Experimental Results.
5.3 Structural Fuses for Smooth Reception of Repetitive Impact Loads.
5.3.1 Introductory Numerical Example.
5.3.2 Optimal Control 162
5.3.3 Structural Recovery.
5.3.4 Numerical Example of Adaptation and Recovery.
5.4 Absorption of Repetitive, Exploitative Impact Loads in Adaptive Landing Gears.
5.4.1 The Concept of Adaptive Landing Gear.
5.4.2 Control System Issues.
5.4.3 Modeling of ALG.
5.4.4 Control Strategies.
5.4.5 Potential for Improvement.
5.4.6 Fast Control of an MRF–Based Shock Absorber.
5.5 Adaptive Inflatable Structures with Controlled Release of Pressure.
5.5.1 The Concept of Adaptive Inflatable Structures (AIS), Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Tools.
5.5.2 Protection against Exploitative Impact Loads for Waterborne Transport.
5.5.3 Protective Barriers against an Emergency Crash for Road Transport.
5.5.4 Adaptive Airbag for Emergency Landing in Aeronautic Applications.
5.6 Adaptive Crash Energy Absorber.
5.6.1 Low–Velocity Impacts.
5.6.2 Energy Absorption by the Prismatic Thin–Walled Structure.
5.6.3 Use of Pyrotechnic Technology for the Crash Stiffness Reduction.
References.
6 VDM–Based Remodeling of Adaptive Structures Exposed to Impact Loads (Marcin Wiklo, Lukasz