Digital Electronics: Principles, Devices and Applications

Digital Electronics
Anil K. Maini
Laser Science and Technology Center, Delhi, India
The fundamentals and implementation of digital electronics are essential to understanding the design and working of consumer/industrial electronics, communications, embedded systems, computers, security and military equipment.
Devices used in applications such as these are constantly decreasing in size and employing more complex technology. It is therefore essential for engineers and students to understand the fundamentals, implementation and application principles of digital electronics, devices and integrated circuits. This is so that they can use the most appropriate and effective technique to suit their technical need.
This book provides practical and comprehensive coverage of digital electronics, bringing together information on fundamental theory, operational aspects and potential applications. With worked problems, examples, and review questions for each chapter, Digital Electronics includes:
information on number systems, binary codes, digital arithmetic, logic gates and families, and Boolean algebra;
an in–depth look at multiplexers, de–multiplexers, devices for arithmetic operations, flip–flops and related devices, counters and registers, and data conversion circuits;
up–to–date coverage of recent application fields, such as programmable logic devices, microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital troubleshooting and digital instrumentation.
A comprehensive, must–read book on digital electronics for senior undergraduate and graduate students of electrical, electronics and computer engineering, and a valuable reference book for professionals and researchers.


Spis treści:
Preface.
1 Number Systems.
1.1 Analogue Versus Digital.
1.2 Introduction to Number Systems.
1 .3 Decimal Number System.
1.4 Binary Number System.
1.4.1 Advantages.
1.5 Octal Number System.
1.6 Hexadecimal Number System.
1.7 Number Systems – Some Common Terms.
1.7.1 Binary Number System.
1.7.2 Decimal Number System.
1.7.3 Octal Number System.
1.7.4 Hexadecimal Number System.
1.8 Number Representation in Binary.
1.8.1 Sign–bit Magnitude.
1.8.2 1’s Complement.
1.8.3 2’s Complement.
1.9 Finding the Decimal Equivalent.
1.9.1 Binary–to–Decimal Conversion.
1.9.2 Octal–to–Decimal Conversion.
1.9.3 Hexadecimal–to–Decimal Conversion.
1.10 Decimal–to–Binary Conversion.
1.11 Decimal–to–Octal Conversion.
1.12 Decimal–to–Hexadecimal Conversion.
1.13 Binary–Octal and Octal–Binary Conversions.
1.14 Hex–Binary and Binary–Hex Conversions.
1.15 Hex–Octal and Octal–Hex Conversions.
1.16 The Four Axioms.
1.17 Floating–point Numbers.
1.17.1 Range of Numbers and Precision.
17.2 Floating–point Number Formats.
Review Questions.
Problems.
Further Reading.
2 Binary Codes.
2.1 Binary Coded Decimal.
2.1.1 BCD–to–Binary Conversion.
2.1.2 Binary–to–BCD Conversion.
2.1.3 Higher–density BCD Encoding.
2.1.4 Packed and Unpacked BCD Numbers.
2.2 Excess–3 Code.
2.3 Gray Code.
2.3.1 Binary–Gray Code Conversion.
2.3.2 Gray Code–Binary Conversion.
2.3.3 n–ary Gray Code.
2.3.4 Applications.
2.4 Alphanumeric Codes.
2.4.1 ASCII code.
2.4.2 EBCDIC code.
2.4.3 Unicode.
2.5 Seven–segment Display Code.
2.6 Error Detection and Correction Codes.
2.6.1 Parity Code.
2.6.2 Repetition Code.
2.6.3 Cyclic Redundancy Check Code.
2.6.4 Hamming Code.
Review Questions.
Problems.
Further Reading.
3 Digital Arithmetic.
3.1 Basic Rules of Binary Addition and Subtraction.
3.2 Addition of Larger–bit Binary Numbers.
3.2.1 Addition Using the 2’s Complement Method.
3.3 Subtraction of Larger–bit Binary Numbers.
3.3.1 Subtraction Using 2’s Complement Arithmetic.
3.4 BCD Addition and Subtraction in Excess–3 Code.
3.4.1 Addition.
3.4.2 Subtraction.
3.5 Binary Multiplication.
3.5.1 Repeated Left–Shift and Add Algorithm.
3.5.2 Repeated Add and Right–Shift Algorithm.
3.6 Binary Division.
3.6.1 Repeated Right–Shift and Subtract Algorithm.
3.6.2 Repeated Subtract and Left–Shift Algorithm.
3.7 Floating–point Arithmetic.
3.7.1 Addition and Subtraction.
3.7.2 Multiplication and Division.
Review Questions.
Problems.
Further Reading.
4 Logic Gates and Related Devices.
4.1 Positive and Negative Logic.
4.2 Truth Table.
4.3 Logic Gates.
4.3.1 OR Gate.
4.3.2 AND Gate.
4.3.3 NOT Gate.
4.3.4 EXCLUSIVE–OR Gate.
4.3.5 NAND Gate.
4.3.6 NOR Gate.
4.3.7 EXCLUSIVE–NOR Gate.
4.3.8 INHIBIT Gate.
4.4 Universal Gates.
4.5 Gates with Open Collector/Drain Outputs.
4.6 Tristate Logic Gates.
4.7 AND–OR–INVERT Gates.
4.8 Schmitt Gates.
4.9 Special Output Gates.
4.10 Fan–out of Logic Gates.
4.11 Buffers and Transceivers.
4.12 IEEE/ANSI Standard Symbols.
4.12.1 IEEE/ANSI Standards – Salient Features.
4.12.2 ANSI Symbols for Logic Gate ICs.
4.13 Some Common Applications of Logic Gates.
4.13.1 OR Gate.
4.13.2 AND Gate.
4.13.3 EX–OR/EX–NOR Gate.
4.13.4 Inverter.
4.14 Application–relevant Information.
Review Questions.
Problems.
Further Reading.
5 Logic Families.
5.1 Logic Families – Significance and Types.
5.1.1 Significance.
5.1.2 Types of Logic Family.
5.2 Characteristic Parameters.
5.3 Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL).
5.3.1 Standard TTL.
5.3.2 Other Logic Gates in Standard TTL.
5.3.3 Low–power TTL.
5.3.4 High–power TTL (74H/54H).
5.3.5 Schottky TTL (74S/54S).
5.3.6 Low–power Schottky TTL (74LS/54LS).
5.3.7 Advanced Low–power Schottky TTL (74ALS/54ALS).
5.3.8 Advanced Schottky TTL (74AS/54AS).
5.3.9 Fairchild Advanced Schottky TTL (74F/54F).
5.3.10 Floating and Unused Inputs.
5.3.11 Current Transients and Power Supply Decoupling.
5.4 Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL).
5.4.1 Different Subfamilies.
5.4.2 Logic Gate Implementation in ECL.
5.4.3 Salient Features of ECL.
5.5 CMOS Logic Family.
5.5.1 Circuit Implementation of Logic Functions.
5.5.2 CMOS Subfamilies.
5.6 BiCMOS Logic.
5.6.1 BiCMOS Inverter.
5.6.2 BiCMOS NAND.
5.7 NMOS and PMOS Logic.
5.7.1 PMOS Logic.
5.7.2 NMOS Logic.
5.8 Integrated Injection Logic (I2L) Family.
5.9 Comparison of Different Logic Families.
5.10 Guidelines to Using TTL Devices.
5.11 Guidelines to Handling and Using CMOS Devices.
5.12 Interfacing with Different Logic Families.
5.12.1 CMOS–to–TTL Interface.
5.12.2 TTL–to–CMOS Interface.
5.12.3 TTL–to–ECL and ECL–to–TTL Interfaces.
5.12.4 CMOS–to–ECL and ECL–to–CMOS Interfaces.
5.13 Classification of Digital ICs.
5.14 Application–relevant Information.
Review Questions.
Problems.
Further Reading.
6 Boolean Algebra and Simplification Techniques.
6.1 Introduction to Boolean Algebra.
6.1.1 Variables, Literals and Terms in Boolean Expressions.
6.1.2 Equivalent and Complement of Boolean Expressions.
6.1.3 Dual of a Boolean Expression.
6.2 Postulates of Boolean Algebra.
6.3 Theorems of Boolean Algebra.
6.3.1 Theorem 1 (Operations with ‘0’ and ‘1’).
6.3.2 Theorem 2 (Operations with ‘0’ and ‘1’).
6.3.3 Theorem 3 (Idempotent or Identity L