Viral Therapy of Cancer

In the last decade there has been an explosion of interest in viral therapies for cancer. Viral agents have been developed that are harmless to normal tissues but selectively able to kill cancer cells. These agents have been endowed with additional selectivity and potency through genetic manipulation. Increasingly these viruses are undergoing evaluation in clinical trials, both as single agents and in combination with standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
This book provides a comprehensive yet succinct overview of the current status of viral therapy of cancer. Chapters coherently present the advances made with individual agents and review the biological and clinical background to a range of viral therapies: structured to proceed from basic science at the bench to the patient′s bedside, they give an up–to–date and realistic evaluation of a therapy′s potential utility for the cancer patient.Presents state–of–the–art knowledge on how viruses can be, and have been,used in novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancerDescribes the use of viruses as oncolytic agents, killing cells directlyEditors are experts in the field, with experience of both laboratory and clinical research
Viral Therapy of Cancer is essential reading for both basic scientists and clinicians with an interest in viral therapy and gene therapy.

Spis treści:
Foreword.
Preface.
Contributors. 
1. Adenoviruses (Kate Relph, Kevin J. Harrington, Alan Melcher and Hardev S. Pandha).
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Viral structure and life cycle.
1.3 Adenoviral vectors.
1.4 Targeting adenoviral vectors.
1.5 Clinical applications of adenoviral gene therapy .
1.6 Adenoviral vectors for immunotherapy.
1.7 Adenoviral vectors for suicide gene therapy.
1.8 Adenoviral vectors for gene replacement therapy.
1.9 Oncolytic adenoviral therapy.
1.10 Advers e outcomes of adenoviral gene therapy.
1.11 Summary.
References.
2. Application of HSV–1 Vectors to the treatment of cancer (Paola Grandi, Kiflai Bein, Costas G. Hadjipanayis, Darren Wolfe, Xandra O. Breakefield and Joseph C. Glorioso).
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Basic biology of HSV.
2.3 Replication competent or oncolytic vectors.
2.4 Replication defective vectors.
2.5 Amplicons.
2.6 Impediments to the efficacy of HSV vectors for cancer gene therapy.
2.7 Strategies to enhance the efficacy and specificity of HSV vectors for cancer gene therapy.
2.8 Summary and conclusions.
Acknowledgements.
References.
3. Adeno–associated virus (Selvarangan Ponnazhagan).
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Biology and life cycle of AAV.
3.3 AAV serotypes.
3.4 Production of recombinant AAV.
3.5 Gene therapy for cancer treatment.
3.6 Anti–oncogenic properties of AAV.
3.7 Molecular chemotherapy studies with rAAV.
3.8 AAV–mediated sustained transgene expression as a potential cancer gene therapy strategy.
3.9 rAAV vectors have advantages in stimulating T helper 1/cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses.
3.10 rAAV vectors can be used to initiate immune responses.
3.11 Altering AAV tropism for tumour–specific delivery.
3.12 Clinical trials involving rAAV.
3.13 Conclusion.
Acknowledgements.
References.
4. Retroviruses (Simon Chowdhury and Yasuhiro Ikeda).
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Structure of retroviral particles.
4.3 Retroviral genome.
4.4 Retroviral life cycle.
4.5 Retroviral vectors.
4/6 Safety of retroviral vectors: insertional mutagenesis.
4.7 Gene therapy of X–linked SCID.
4.8 Retroviral cancer gene therapy.
4.9 Immunomodulatory approaches.
4.10 Conclusions.
References.
5. Lentiviral vectors for cancer gene therapy (Antonia Follenzi and Elisa Vigna).
5.1 Development of Lentiviral vectors (LV).
5.2 Targeting of transgen e expression.
5.3 Host immune responses to LV and their transgene.
5.4 Transgenesis.
5.5 Haematopoietic stem cell gene transfer.
5.6 Cancer treatment by LV.
5.7 Approved clinical trials using LV.
5.8 Conclusions.
References.
6. Poxviruses as immunomodulatory cancer therapeutics (Kevin J. Harrington, Hardev S. Pandha and Richard G. Vile).
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 General features of poxvirus structure and biology.
6.3 Clinically applicable poxviruses.
6.4 Poxviruses as potential cancer therapeutics.
6.5 Clinical experience with poxviruses.
6.6 Conclusion.
References.
7. Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (Guy R. Simpson and Robert S. Coffin).
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Herpes simplex virology.
7.3 Properties of HSV relevant to oncolytic virus therapy.
7.4 Mutations giving tumour–selective replication.
7.5 Oncolytic HSV expressing fusogenic membrane glycoproteins (FMG).
7.6 Prodrug activation therapy and oncolytic HSV.
7.7 Combination of oncolytic HSV with immunomodulatory gene expression.
7.8 Combination of conventional therapies with oncolytic HSV.
7.9 Summary.
Acknowledgement.
References.
8. Selective tumour cell cytotoxicity by reoviridae – preclinical evidence and clinical trial results (Laura Vidal, Matt Coffey and Johann de Bono).
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 Reovirus structure.
8.3 Reovirus replication.
8.4 Reovirus and human infection.
8.5 Oncolytic activitiy.
8.6 Mechanism of reovirus–induced cytotoxicity.
8.7 Preclinical experience.
8.8 Immunogeneicity.
8.9 Clinical experience.
8.10 Conclusions.
References.
9. Oncolytic vaccinia (M. Firdos Ziauddin and David L. Bartlett).
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Biology of vaccinia virus.
9.3 Tumour selectivity and antitumour effect.
9.4 Improving antitumour effects through bystander effects.
9.5 Immune response to vaccinia and vaccinia immune evasion strategies.< br>9.6 Virus–driven antitumour immune response.
9.7 Imaging.
9.8 Current and potential clinical applications.
References.
10. Newcastle Disease virus: a promising vector for viral therapy of cancer (Volker Schirrmacher and Philippe Fournier).
10.1 Introduction.
10.2 Structure, taxonomy, pathogenicity and oncolytic properties of NDV.
10.3 Human application and safety.
10.4 Tumour–selective replication of NDV.
10.5 Virally based cancer immunotherapy and danger signals.
10.6 NDV: a danger signal inducing vector.
10.7 The human cancer vaccine ATV–NDV.
10.8 Pre–existing antitumour memory T cells from cancer patients and their activation by antitumour vaccination with ATV–NDV.
10.9 Clinical trials of antitumour vaccination with ATV–NDV.
10.10 NDV–specific recombinant bispecific antibodies to augment antitumour immune responses.
10.11 NDV–binding bispecific fusion proteins to improve cancer specific virus targeting.
10.12 Recombinant NDV as a new vector for vaccination and gene therapy.
10.13 Conclusion.
References.
11. Vesicular stomatitis virus (John Bell, Kelly Parato and Harold Atkins).
11.1 Introduction.
11.2 VSV: genomic organization and life cycle.
11.3 Host range and pathogenesis of VSV infection.
11.4 Control of VSV infection by the innate type I interferon response.
11.5 Cancer cells are insensitive to type I interferon.
11.6 VSV preferentially replicates in and lyses tumour cells in vitro.
11.7 VSV attenuation: enhanced tumour selectivity and therapeutic index.
11.8 Engineered/recombinant VSV.
11.9 VSV effectively eradicates tumours in vivo.
11.10 VSV and the host immune response.
11.11 Host immunity vs. therapeutic efficacy.
11.12 VSV is a potent vaccine.
11.13 Innate sensing of VSV and the antitumour response.
11.14 So what is a good oncolytic virus?
11.15 Future challenges for VSV.
References.<