Molecular Electronics: From Principles to Practice

Molecular electronics is a fast moving and exciting subject that exploits the electronic and optoelectronic properties of organic and biological materials. Areas of application and potential application range from chemical and biochemical sensors to plastic light emitting displays.
Molecular Electronics: From Principles to Practice provides an introduction to the interdisciplinary subject of molecular electronics with detailed examples of applications. The topics covered include:   
Scope of Molecular ElectronicsMaterials’ FoundationsElectrical ConductivityOptical PhenomenaElectroactive Organic CompoundsTools for Molecular ElectronicsThin Film Processing and Device FabricationLiquid Crystals and DevicesPlastic ElectronicsChemical Sensors and ActuatorsMolecular–Scale ElectronicsBioelectronics
This book is aimed at final year science or engineering undergraduate students. It will also be accessible to readers from a wide range of backgrounds (from physicists, chemists, biologists, electrical engineers to materials scientists) in both industry and academia.  

Spis treści:
Series Preface.
Preface.
Acknowledgements.
Major Symbols and Abbreviations.
1. Scope of Molecular Electronics.
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Molecular Materials for Electronics.
1.3 Molecular–scale Electronics.
1.3.1 Evolution of Microelectronics.
1.3.2 Moore′s Laws.
1.3.3 Beyond Moore.
1.4 The Biological World.
1.5 Future Opportunities.
1.6 Conclusions.
Bibliography.
References.
2. Materials′ Foundations.
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Electronic Structure.
2.2.1 Atomic Structure.
2.2.2 Electrons in Atoms.
2.2.3 Filling of Orbitals.
2.2.4 The Periodic Table.
2.3 Chemical Bonding.
2.3.1 Bonding Principles.
2.3.2 Ionic Bond.
2.3.3 Covalent Bond.
2.3.4 Metallic Bonding.
2.3.5 V an der Waals Bonding.
2.3.6 Hydrogen Bonding.
2.4 Bonding in Organic Compounds.
2.4.1 Hybridized Orbitals.
2.4.2 Isomers.
2.4.3 Double and Triple Bonds.
2.5 Crystalline and Noncrystalline Materials.
2.5.1 States of Matter.
2.5.2 Phase Changes and Thermodynamic Equilibrium.
2.5.3 The Crystal Lattice.
2.5.4 Crystal Systems.
2.5.5 Miller Indices.
2.5.6 Distance Between Crystal Planes.
2.5.7 Defects.
2.5.8 Amorphous Solids.
2.6 Polymers.
2.6.1 Molecular Weight.
2.6.2 Polymer Structure.
2.6.3 Polymer Crystallinity.
2.7 Soft Matter: Emulsions, Foams and Gels.
2.8 Diffusion.
Bibliography.
Reference.
3. Electrical Conductivity.
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Classical Theory.
3.2.1 Electrical Conductivity.
3.2.2 Ohm′s Law.
3.2.3 Charge Carrier Mobility.
3.2.4 Fermi Energy.
3.3 Energy Bands in Solids.
3.3.1 Quantum Mechanical Foundations.
3.3.2 Kronig–Penney Model.
3.3.3 Conductors, Semiconductors and Insulators.
3.3.4 Electrons and Holes.
3.3.5 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Conduction.
3.3.6 Quantum Wells.
3.3.7 Disordered Semiconductors.
3.3.8 Conductivity in Low–dimensional Solids.
3.4 Organic Compounds.
3.4.1 Band Structure.
3.4.2 Doping.
3.4.3 Solitons, Polarons and Bipolarons.
3.4.4 Superconductivity.
3.5 Low–frequency Conductivity.
3.5.1 Electronic Versus Ionic Conductivity.
3.5.2 Quantum Mechanical Ttunnelling.
3.5.3 Variable Range Hopping.
3.5.4 Space–charge Injection.
3.5.5 Schottky and Poole–Frenkel Effects.
3.6 Conductivity at High Frequencies.
3.6.1 Complex Permittivity.
3.6.2 Impedance Spectroscopy.
Bibliography.
References.
4. Optical Phenomena.
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Electromagnetic Radiation.
4.3 Refractive Index.
4.3.1 Permittivity Tensor.
4.3.2 Linear and Nonlinear Optics.
4.4 Interaction of EM Waves with Organic Molecules.
4.4.1 Absorptio n Processes.
4.4.2 Aggregate Formation.
4.4.3 Excitons.
4.4.4 Effect of Electric Fields on Absorption.
4.4.5 Emission Processes.
4.4.6 Energy Transfer.
4.5 Transmission and Reflection from Interfaces.
4.5.1 Laws of Reflection and Refraction.
4.5.2 Fresnel Equations.
4.5.3 Ellipsometry.
4.5.4 Thin Films.
4.6 Waveguiding.
4.7 Surface Plasmons.
4.7.1 The evanescent Field.
4.7.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance.
4.8 Photonic Crystals.
4.8.1 Subwavelength Optics.
Bibliography.
References.
5. Electroactive Organic Compounds.
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Selected Topics in Chemistry.
5.2.1 Moles and Molecules.
5.2.2 Acids and Bases.
5.2.3 Ions.
5.2.4 Solvents.
5.2.5 Functional Groups.
5.2.6 Aromatic Compounds.
5.3 Conductive Polymers.
5.4 Charge–transfer Complexes.
5.5 Buckyballs and Nanotubes.
5.5.1 Fullerenes.
5.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes.
5.6 Piezoelectricity, Pyroelectricity and Ferroelectricity.
5.6.1 Basic Principles.
5.6.2 Organic Piezoelectric, Pyroelectric and Ferroelectric Compounds.
5.7 Magnetic Materials.
5.7.1 Basic Principles.
5.7.2 Organic Magnets.
Bibliography.
References.
6. Tools for Molecular Electronics.
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Direct Imaging.
6.2.1 Optical Microscopy.
6.2.2 Electron Microscopy.
6.3 X–ray Reflection.
6.3.1 Electron Density Profile.
6.3.2 Keissig Fringes.
6.3.3 In–plane Measurements.
6.4 Neutron Reflection.
6.5 Electron Diffraction.
6.6 Infrared Spectroscopy.
6.6.1 Raman Scattering.
6.7 Surface Analytical Techniques.
6.8 Scanning Probe Microscopies.
6.9 Film Thickness Measurements.
Bibliography.
References.
7. Thin Film Processing and Device Fabrication.
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Established Deposition Methods.
7.2.1 Spin–coating.
7.2.2 Physical Vapour Deposition.
7.2.3 Chemical Vapour Deposition.
7.2.4 Electrochemical Methods .
7.2.5 Inkjet Printing.
7.2.6 Sol–gel Processing.
7.2.7 Other Techniques.
7.3 Molecular Architectures.
7.3.1 Langmuir–Blodgett Technique.
7.3.2 Chemical Self–assembly.
7.3.3 Electrostatic Layer–by–layer Deposition.
7.4 Nanofabrication.
7.4.1 Photolithography.
7.4.2 Nanometre Pattern Definition.
7.4.3 Soft Lithography Techniques.
7.4.4 Scanning Probe Manipulation.
7.4.5 Dip–pen Nanolithography.
7.4.6 Other Methods.
Bibliography.
References.
8. Liquid Crystals and Devices.
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 Liquid Crystal Phases.
8.2.1 Thermotropic Liquid Crystals.
8.2.2 Lyotropic Liquid Crystals.
8.3 Liquid Crystal Polymers.
8.4 Display Devices.
8.4.1 Birefringence.
8.4.2 Freedericksz Transition.
8.4.3 Twisted Nematic Display.
8.4.4 Passive and Active Addressing.
8.4.5 Full–colour Displays.
8.4.6 Super–twisted Nematic Display.
8.5 Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals.
8.6 Polymer–dispersed Liquid Crystals.
8.7 Liquid Crystal Lenses.
8.8 Other Application Areas.
Bibliography.
References.
9. Plastic Electronics.
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Organic Diodes.
9.2.1 Schottky Diode.
9.2.2 Ohmic Contacts.
9.3 Metal–Insulator–Semiconductor Structures.
9.3.1 Idealized MIS Device.
9.3.2 Organic MIS Structures.
9.4 Field Effect Transistors.
9.5 Integrated Organic Circuits.
9.5.1 Radiofrequency Identification Tags.
9.6 Organic Light–emitting Displays.
9.6.1 Device Efficiency.
9.6.2 Methods of Efficiency Improvement.
9.6.3 Full–colour Displays.
9.6.4 Electronic Paper.
9.7 Photovoltaic Cells.
9.7.1 Organic Semiconductor Solar Cell.
9.7.2 Dye–sensitized Solar Cell.
9.7.3 Luminescent Concentrator.
9.8 Other Application Areas.
9.8.1 Conductive Coatings.
9.8.2 Batteries and Fuel Cells.
9.8.3 Xerography.
Bibliography.
References.