Membrane-Based Salinity Gradient Processes for Water Treatment and Power Generation

Membrane-Based Salinity Gradient Processes for Desalination consists of a series of chapters focused on the various types of membrane based salinity gradient processes that can be applied for desalination. Topics cover salinity gradient processes for desalination, such as Forward Osmosis (FO) and Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO), with chapters selected exclusively from a number of world-leading experts in various disciplines and different continents. Sections include discussions on the theoretical and fundamental approaches to salinity gradient processes, various types of membrane materials and development, i.e., flat sheet and hollow fiber, various salinity water sources for an economically feasible process, and large-scale applications.

Finally, the book focuses on economically feasible process optimization when both operational and capital costs are considered.

Features specific details on salinity gradient techniques for various desalination applications of industrial and academic interestContains unique discussions on membrane development and process optimization that normally only appear briefly in research articlesIncludes examples of internationally best practices for the evaluation of several system parameters, including thermodynamic optimization, high power density membrane development, and moreDiscusses large scale applications and provides examples of such implementations, (such as Statkraft, Japanese Megaton, and Korean GMVP)

Section 1: Fundamentals of Salinity Gradient Processes 1. Water Flux 2. Reverse Salt Flux 3. Internal and External Concentration Polarization 4. Thermodynamics 5. Draw Solute Selection

Section 2: Membranes 6. Flat Sheet Membranes 7. Hollow Fiber Membranes 8. Determining Structural Parameter (S) 9. Membrane Modules for Large Scale Applications

Section 3: Process Optimization 10. Direct Desalination with Forward Osmosis 11. Indirect Desalination with Forward Osmosis 12. Low Salinity Pressure Retarded Osmosis 13. High Salinity Pressure Retarded Osmosis 14. Ultra-High Salinity Pressure Retarded Osmosis

Section 4: Case Studies 15. Oasys – Brine Concentrator (Forward Osmosis) 16. Statcraft – Low Salinity Pressure Retarded Osmosis 17. Megaton – High Salinity Pressure Retarded Osmosis 18. GMVP – High Salinity Pressure Retarded Osmosis