Electrochemical Energy Storage for Renewable Sources and Grid Balancing

Electricity from renewable sources of energy is plagued by fluctuations (due to variations in wind strength or the intensity of insolation) resulting in a lack of stability if the energy supplied from such sources is used in ‘real time’. An important solution to this problem is to store the energy electrochemically (in a secondary battery or in hydrogen and its derivatives) and to make use of it in a controlled fashion at some time after it has been initially gathered and stored. Electrochemical battery storage systems are the major technologies for decentralized storage systems and hydrogen is the only solution for long-term storage systems to provide energy during extended periods of low wind speeds or solar insolation. Future electricity grid design has to include storage systems as a major component for grid stability and for security of supply. The technology of systems designed to achieve this regulation of the supply of renewable energy, and a survey of the markets that they will serve, is the subject of this book. It includes economic aspects to guide the development of technology in the right direction.

Provides state-of-the-art information on all of the storage systems together with an assessment of competing technologiesFeatures detailed technical, economic and environmental impact information of different storage systemsContains information about the challenges that must be faced for batteries and hydrogen-storage to be used in conjunction with a fluctuating (renewable energy) power supply

Introduction – Renewable energies, markets and storage technology classification 1. Renewable Energies for power generation – Technologies, potentials, needs for balancing power 2. Classification of technologies for balancing power in grids 3. Challenges for the power supply systems – grid restrictions, demand side management, conventional power plant operation 4. Existing markets and operation profiles for grid connected storage systems – Primary control, secondary control, minute reserve, energy trading, power plant scheduling, UPS systems, self-consumption 5. Existing markets for storage systems in off-grid applications 6. Review on the need of storage capacities depending on the share of renewable energies

Storage Technologies 7. Overview about non-electrochemical storage technologies 8. Hydrogen production from renewable energies – electrolyser technologies 9. Hydrogen storage technologies 10. Hydrogen conversion into electricity and thermal use 11. Reversible fuel cell 12. Energy carriers made from hydrogen 13. Lead–Acid Battery Energy Storage 14. Nickel–cadmium Battery Energy Storage 15. Sodium High Temperature Batteries Energy Storage 16. Lithium-ion Battery Energy Storage 17. Redox Flow Battery Energy Storage 18. Metal storage / Metal air (Zn, Al, Mg, Li) 19. Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors

System Aspects 20. Battery management and battery diagnostics 21. Life cycle cost calculation and comparison for different reference cases and market segments 22. ‘Double use’ storage systems – ‘PV Self-Consumption’ and ‘Vehicle to Grid’