Mosaic of Autoimmunity: The Novel Factors of Autoimmune Diseases

The Mosaic of Autoimmunity: The Novel Factors of Autoimmune Diseases Revisited, Second Edition describes the multifactorial origin and diversity of expression of autoimmune diseases in humans. The term implies that different combinations of the many factors that are involved in auto-immunity produce varying and unique clinical pictures in a wide spectrum of autoimmune diseases. Most of the factors involved in autoimmunity can be categorized into four groups: genetic, immune defects, hormonal and environmental factors. In this communication, only the environmental factors are reviewed such as: infectious agents (represented by Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus), vaccines as triggers of autoimmunity, smoking and its relationship with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid disease, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel diseases. Some aspects of stress as implicated in causing autoimmunity and the processes leading to autoimmunity are reviewed as well.

It has been now 30 years ago that the concept of the ‘mosaic of autoimmunity’ was introduced to the scientific community, and since then this concept has continuously evolved, with new pebbles being added regularly. We are now looking at an era in which the players of autoimmunity have changed names and roles. Indeed, we are at the forefront of autoimmunity science. Within the environmental factors generating autoimmunity are now included unsuspected molecules such as vitamin D, salt and dietary factors, cannabis. Some adjuvants such as aluminum are recognized as causal factors in the development of the autoimmune response. An entirely new syndrome, the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA), has been recently described together with other diseases that are now recognized as having an autoimmune etiopathogenesis. This is the new wind blowing within the branches of autoimmunity, adding knowledge to physicians for helping patients with autoimmune disease.

Provides an overview in a quickly evolving topic. This will benefit the reader who wishes to rapidly become informed and become up to date with these new developmentsHighlights the concept of the mosaic of autoimmune manifestationsIncludes new visions on unsuspected moleculesProvides updated knowledge to physicians helping patients with autoimmune diseasesThorough, up-to-date information on specific diseases, along with clinical applications, provide an easily found reference for clinicians and researchers interested in certain diseases

Introduction 1. The history of the mosaic of autoimmunity 2. The novel aspects on the mosaic of autoimmunity

Cellular and molecular mechanisms 3. B cells 4. B-reg 5. T cells 6. Th17 cells 7. NK cells 8. Dendritic cells 9. Complement 10. Autoantibodies 11. Anti-DSF70 12. Genetic 13. Epigenetic 14. Post-translational modifications 15. Cytokines and chemokines 16. Autophagy 17. Diagnostic: laboratory 18. Diagnostic: imaging

The classical factors associated with autoimmunity 19. Hormones 20. Microbiota 21. Infections: Viruses and bacteria

The novel environmental factors associated with autoimmunity 22. Geo-epidemiology 23. Seasonality 24. UV 25. Vitamin D 26. Vitamin D pregnancy and autoimmunity 27. Smell 28. Breast feeding 29. Vaccines 30. Silicone 31. Diet: spicy food and fatty acids 32. Diet: gluten 33. Psychological stress 34. Coffee 35. Obesity 36. Physical activity 37. Smoke 38. Cannabis 39. Bisphenol 40. Prolactin

Peculiar aspects 41. Cancer 42. Paraneoplastic syndromes

Classical autoimmune diseases 43. SLE 44. APS 45. CAPS 46. RA and inflammatory arthritides 47. PsA and Spondyloarthropathies 48. MS, MG and other neurological disorders 49. Systemic slcerosis 50. Sjogren 51. ASIA syndrome 52. Reproductive failure 53. Accelerated atherosclerosis 54. New autoimmune diseases

Treatment of autoimmune diseases 55. Neuroimmunology 56. Vasculitis 57. Personalized Medicine 58. Biologics and Biosimilars 59. Small molecules 60. Helminthes 61. Novel therapies and IVIg 62. Autoimmune and allergic disease 63. EBV Molecular Diagnosis 64. Statin and myositis 65. Autoimmunity and primary immunodeficiency