Volcanic Ash: Hazard Observation presents an introduction followed by four sections, each on a separate topic and each containing chapters from an internationally renowned pool of authors. The introduction provides a volcanological context for ash generation that sets the stage for the development and interpretation of techniques presented in subsequent sections.
The book begins with an examination of the methods to characterize ash deposits on the ground, as ash deposits on the ground have generally experienced some atmospheric transport. This section will also cover basic information on ash morphology, density, and refractive index, all parameters required to understand and analyze assumptions made for both in situ measurements and remote sensing ash inversion techniques. Sections two, three, and four focus on methods for observing volcanic ash in the atmosphere using ground-based, airborne, and spaceborne instruments respectively.
Throughout the book, the editors showcase not only the interdisciplinary nature of the volcanic ash problem, but also the challenges and rewards of interdisciplinary endeavors. Additionally, by bringing together a broad perspective on volcanic ash studies, the book not only ties together ground-, air-, academic, and applied approaches to the volcanic ash problem, but also engages with other scientific communities interested in particulate transport.
Includes recent case studies highlighting the impact of volcanic ash, making methods used for observation more accessible to the readerContains advances in volcanic ash observation that can be used in other remote sensing applicationsPresents a cross-disciplinary approach that includes not only methods of tracking and measuring ash in the atmosphere, but also of the fundamental science that supports methodological application and interpretationEdited by an internationally recognized team with a range of expertise within the field of volcanic ash
Volcanic Ash, 1st Edition
- List of Contributors
- Part 1. Introduction
- Introduction
- 1. Volcanic Ash: Hazard Observation
- Part 2. Volcanic Ash: Generation and Spatial Variations
- Introduction
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 1. Introduction
- 2. An Overview of Ash Formation and Eruption Styles
- 3. Tephra Components and Composition
- 4. Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Grain Size of Volcanic Deposits
- 5. Ash Shape, Density, and Settling Velocity
- 6. Implications for Ash Tracking and Forecasting
- Part 3. Observations of Ash on the Ground
- Introduction
- Chapter 1. Field Observations of Tephra Fallout Deposits
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Fallout Deposits
- 3. Piecing Together the Geological Record of Past Eruptions
- 4. Measuring the Scale of Eruptions
- 5. Mapping Fallout Deposits
- 6. Volcano Metrics: Eruption Size
- 7. Volcano Metrics: Eruption Intensity
- 8. Quantifying Erupted Volumes From Sparse Field Observations
- 9. Observations of Historical and Ancient Fallout Deposits
- 10. Errors and Uncertainties
- 11. Preservation Potential and Cryptotephra
- 12. Conclusions
- Chapter 2. Aerodynamics of Volcanic Particles: Characterization of Size, Shape, and Settling Velocity
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Particle Size Characterization
- 3. Particle Shape Characterization
- 4. Terminal Velocity and Drag Coefficient of Volcanic Particles
- 5. Discussion and Concluding Remarks
- Chapter 3. Ash Aggregation in Volcanic Clouds
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Ash Aggregate Types
- 3. Observations of Ash Aggregates Falling From Recent Volcanic Clouds
- 4. Textural Characteristics of Aggregated Ash Deposits
- 5. Overview of Aggregate Formation in Volcanic Ash Clouds
- 6. Summary
- Chapter 4. Contribution of Fine Ash to the Atmosphere From Plumes Associated With Pyroclastic Density Currents
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Overview
- 3. Characteristics of Co-pyroclastic Density Current Deposits
- 4. Controls on Co-pyroclastic Density Current Plume Formation and Dynamics
- 5. Dispersion and Sedimentation of Co-pyroclastic Density Current Ash
- 6. Conclusions
- Part 4. Observations of Ash in the Air
- Introduction
- Chapter 5. In Situ Observations of Airborne Ash From Manned Aircraft
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Instrumentation and Sampling
- 3. Basic Considerations for Choice of Aircraft
- 4. Case Studies: Eyjafjallajökull, Grímsvötn, Sakurajima, and Holuhraun Campaigns
- 5. Results, Data Analysis, and Visualization
- 6. Plume Physics and Fitting to Models
- 7. Conclusions
- Chapter 6. Electrostatics and In Situ Sampling of Volcanic Plumes
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Volcanic Lightning and Charge in Volcanic Plumes
- 3. Charging Mechanisms and Laboratory Studies of Charging
- 4. In Situ Sampling of Volcanic Plumes With Meteorological Sounding Balloons
- 5. Conclusions and Future Measurements
- Chapter 7. In Situ Observations of Volatile and Nonvolatile Particle Size Distributions From Balloon-Borne Platforms
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Aerosol Profiles With Heated Descents Following Pinatubo
- 3. Evolution of Particle Concentration as a Function of Size Following Pinatubo
- 4. Profiles of Aerosol Using Heated and Ambient Intakes Following Kelud
- 5. Conclusions
- Part 5. Aircraft and Ground-Based Remote Sensing of Ash
- Introduction
- Chapter 8. Detection of Airborne Volcanic Ash Using Radar
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Theoretical Background
- 3. Observations of Volcanic Ash Using Radar
- 4. Outlook and Conclusion
- Chapter 9. Lidar Observations of Volcanic Particles
- 1. Introduction
- 2. History of Lidar in the Context of Volcanic Eruptions
- 3. Aerosol Lidar Techniques
- 4. The Retrieval of Concentrations and the Synergy With Sun Photometers
- 5. Lidar Observations of Volcanic Particles
- 6. Conclusions and Perspectives
- Chapter 10. Quantitative Ground-Based Imaging of Volcanic Ash
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Infrared Ground-Based Imaging of Volcanic Ash
- 3. Ultraviolet Ground-Based Imaging of Volcanic Ash
- 4. Conclusions
- Part 6. Observing Airborne Ash From Space
- Introduction
- Chapter 11. Infrared Sounding of Volcanic Ash
- 1. Infrared Radiation and Volcanic Ash
- 2. Ash Detection
- 3. Retrieval Algorithms
- 4. Validation
- 5. Outlook
- Chapter 12. Ultraviolet Satellite Measurements of Volcanic Ash
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Ultraviolet Ash Detection and Retrieval Algorithms
- 3. Case Studies
- 4. Conclusion
- Chapter 13. Applications of Satellite Observations of Volcanic Ash in Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Interpretation and Evaluation of Model Output
- 3. Data Assimilation
- 4. Uncertainties, Limitations, and Assumptions
- 5. Conclusions
- Appendix A
- Part 7. Conclusions and Future Directions
- References
- Index